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PENmSULAR CALIFORNIA 



SOME ACCOUNT OF 

THE CLIMATE, SOIL, PRODUCTIONS, AND 

PEESENT CONDITION CHIEFLY OF 

THE NOETHEEN HALF OF 

LOWER CALIFORNIA 



CHARLES NORDHOFF 

AUTHOR OF 

' CALIFORNIA : FOR HEALTH, PLEASURE, AND RESIDENCE " " GOD AND THE FUTURE LIFE ' 

" POLITICS FOR YOUNG AMERICANS " " CAPE COD AND ALL ALONG SHOKE " 

"COMMUNISTIC SOCIETIES OF THE UNITED STATES" ETC. 




NEW YORK 
HARPER & BROTHERS, FRANKLIN SQUARE 

1888 



,.7-> 



/46 



Copyright, 1888, by IIarper & Brotu£RS. 

Alt righte reserved. 
P 1?. -^t 

,HT2 



PREFACE. 



I 



HAVE known the peninsula of Lower California, by 
- conversation with inhabitants and with explorers 
and those who had grazed cattle in it, and by the study 
of reports upon it, for many years. In 1881 I made a 
journey through the upper part of it as far as Todos 
Santos Bay, which abundantly confirmed all the reports 
I had heard of its fitness for agriculture, its sufficient 
water supply, and fine chmate. 

In the summer of 1887, in the course of a sea-voyage 
to La Paz, I stopped at Ensenada, and found there the 
headquarters of an American company which had ac- 
quired lands and the right to sell them to foreign col- 
onists and settlers — a privilege formerly denied, but 
granted under- recent hberal laws of Mexico. As I had 
for many years desired to own land in the Peninsula, 
being convinced of the excellence of the country and cli- 
mate, I selected and bought a small tract on and near 
the bay of Todos Santos. 

When this little purchase of mine became known, I 
received numerous letters from acquaintances and stran- 
gers in different parts of the United States, askmg me 
the grounds of my behef that Lower California is_ a de- 
sirable region, and inquiring also about the security of 
land titles and the character of the laws and govern- 
ment. I have concluded to pubhsh what I know about 



6 PREFACE. 

the Peninsula ; and as before I paid for my land I made 
a careful and thorough examination of the International 
Company's franchises and charters, I have added, at the 
end of my little book, the results of that exammation 
also. 

When I pubhshed my book on California, sixteen 
years ago — in 1872 — I was generally beheved to have 
over-estimated the resources of that State. The event 
has shown that I really under-estimated them greatly. 
California, rich as I believed it, is far richer than I re- 
ported it, as everybody now knows. My knowledge of 
our own State has, I think, enabled me to form a just 
estimate of the resources of the peninsula south of it. It 
is a region as superficially known as was the State of 
California when I made my exploration of it in 1871. 
The northern half, of which I treat in this book, is essen- 
tially a part of our own southern California, and will, I 
beheve, some day be found to be as fruitful and as valua- 
ble as that. 

The map which accompanies this volume is made up 
from various sources — old explorations, the recent sur- 
veys of the International Company, and, as to the coasts, 
from the careful surveys made durmg several years by 
United States vessels, the Ranger chiefly, under orders of 
the Hydrographic Office of the Navy Department. The 
charts of the Peninsula and the western coast of Mexico, 
made by the Hydrographic Bureau from these surveys, 
are very full and accurate, and, as to the southern half 
of the Peninsula, afford almost all that is actually known 
of its area. 

Charles Nordhoff. 

July, 1888. 



CONTENTS. 



CHAPTEE I. 

PAGE 

HISTORICAL SUMMARY OF THE PENINSULA 11 



CHAPTEE II. 
WHY THE PENINSULA WAS REPUTED A DESERT 21 

CHAPTEE III. 
NATURAL WEALTH, CLIMATE, SOIL, TIMBER, WATER, ETC. ... 38 

CHAPTEE IV. 
THE PENINSULA AND CALIFORNIA COMPARED 52 

CHAPTEE Y. 

THE RELATION OP SETTLERS TO THE GOVERNMENT.— SPECL&.L 

PRIVILEGES 70 

CHAPTEE YI. 

LAND TITLES 79 

CHAPTEE YII. 

THE MEXICAN GOVERNMENT AND THE COMPANY ....... 92 



8 CONTENTS. 

APPENDIX A. 

PAGE 

TABLES OF TEMPERATURE AND RAINFALL 103 

APPENDIX B. 

THE TIMBER REGION OF THE PENINSULA 118 

APPENDIX C. 

THE RECENT GOLD DISCOVERIES ON THE PENINSULA 124 

APPENDIX D. 

THE 3IEXICAN TARIFF 127 



ILLUSTRATIONS. 



PAGE 

ONE -HUNDRED -AND THIRTY- YEAR-OLD OLIVE-TREE, ) w f ■ 

SANTA TOMAS \ ' ^'"""^''P'^'^ 

DON LUIS AGUILAR'S ANCIENT APRICOT ORCHARD 15 

HOTEL ITURBIDE, ENSENADA 23 

LIVE-OAKS, LA GRULLA 29 

AMONG THE PINES IN THE MOUNTAINS 39 

FARM-HOUSE OF SENOR GRANADO, SANTA TOMAS 53 

HOME OF DON LUIS AGUILAR, SANTA TOMAS VALLEY .... 63 

REAL DEL CASTILLO, SAN RAFAEL VALLEY 71 

FIRST PIER, SAN QUINTIN 81 

A GLIMPSE OF ROSARIO VALLEY 93 

ARCH ROCK (FROM CAVE), NEAR MOUTH OF ROSARIO RIVER . . 101 

IN THE EASTERN END OF BURRO CASON 131 



MAPS. 



PENINSULAR CALIFORNIA, SHOWING THE LIMITS OF THE INTER- 
NATIONAL COMPANY To face page 11 

PENINSULAR CALIFORNIA— SOUTHERN HALF 43 



PENINSULAR CALIFORNIA. 



CHAPTER I. 

HISTORICAL SUMMARY OF THE PENINSULA. 

rpHE Peninsula called Lower California stretches, as 
-^ will be seen on the map, from Cape St. Lucas in the 
south, in latitude 22° 40', to the United States boundary, 
in latitude 32° 40'. It was first visited by Europeans in 
1533, a vessel under the orders of Cortez discovering and 
entering a bay on the Gulf coast, supposed to have been 
the present La Paz. Cortez himself visited the Peninsula 
in 1588, anchoring in the bay of La Paz, where, one hun- 
dred and seventy-five years later, in 1710, another famous 
character, Alexander Selkirk, then saihng-master of the 
Dover, one of Woodes Rogers's fieet, also lay to refit. 
Selkhk had been taken by the Dover from the island of 
Juan Fernandez. 

After Cortez, a considerable number of Spanish expe- 
ditions were sent to the Peninsula. Their misfortune 
was that they landed on the driest, hottest, and most 
stormy coasts, those on the Gulf side, and on the south- 
ern extension of the long land-spit. The earlier mission- 
ary efforts were made also in this region; and all the 



12 PENINSULAR CALIFORNIA. 

early Spanish efforts at colonization and the reduction of 
the country were induced mainly by the richness of the 
pearl-fisheries about La Paz and Ceralbo Island on the 
Gulf coast. The English expeditions, which landed at 
various points on the coast, were chiefly sent out to capt- 
ure Spanish galleons coming towards Mexico from Ma- 
nila, and later as explorers, for geographical purposes. 

Early in the present century a number of American 
traders visited the Peninsula, drawn thither by reports of 
the great abundance of fur seal; and several of them 
made extraordinarily profitable voyages. The fur seal 
were, however, very soon driven away or exterminated, 
and they are now very rare on the coasts and islands. 
After the settlement of Upper California, American 
whalemen, for many years, visited the bays and la- 
goons south of latitude 29°, which were frequented by 
great numbers of whales; but these also were either 
exterminated or driven off, and that business ceased to 
pay twenty years ago. 

The reputed richness of the Peninsula in minerals 
caused many adventurers, some with capital, others 
only prospectors, to try their fortunes in it; but with 
few exceptions these also were unsuccessful. Mining 
operations are of late systematically prosecuted at sev- 
eral points in the extreme southern section ; and north 
of La Paz, on the Grulf side, there are gold and silver 
deposits, some until lately owned by a rather notorious 
character, the late Mrs. E. Burdell Cunningham, which 
have been reputed valuable. No great fortunes have 
so far been made in mining in Lower Cahfornia. 



HISTORICAL SUMMARY OF THE PENINSULA. 13 

Recently, however, under the stimukis of rapid de- 
velopment and settlement, there have been important 
mineral discoveries in the northern part of the penin- 
sula, gold being found in paying quantities over a con- 
siderable area whose southern lunit is within a hundred 
miles of the United States boundary line. Reports on 
these new mining discoveries, which have recently ap- 
peared in an excellent journal. The Lower Californian, 
pubhshed at Ensenada, and in California newspapers, 
will be found in an appendix. 

On the Gulf coast there are large deposits of sulphur, 
owned by the International Company of Mexico, and 
for the working of which preparations are making. In 
the Gulf, north of La Paz, hes also one of the largest 
and most accessible salt deposits known in the world 
— on Carmen Island. This is managed by Mr. James 
Viosca, of La Paz, an American, and United States Con- 
sul at that place. On the Pacific coast at San Quintin, 
the International Company own a salt deposit as rich 
as that of Carmen Island, which will soon be developed. 
With the rapid increase of mining operations in the 
western states of Mexico, both the sulphur and salt de- 
posits will prove very valuable. 

The following list of the missions of Lower Cah- 
fornia, compiled by Taylor, shows that the Jesuits, who 
began the Christianization of the Peninsula, adhered to 
the earlier mistake, in confining their attempts to the 
southern half and to the Gulf side. They thus attacked 
that part only which is of least value, except for pearls 
and mines. 



14 PENINSULAR CALIFORNIA. 

"1. The Mission of Nuestra Senora de Loreto, found- 
ed by Father Jose Marie Salvatierra, October, 1697, in 
latitude 29° 30', on the Gulf side. 

" 2. Dolores del Sur, by Father Salvatierra, January, 
1699, in latitude 24° 30', on the Gulf side. 

" 8. San Francisco de Yigge, by Father Francisco M. 
Piccoli, March, 1699, in latitude 25° 30', in the interior, 
towards the Gulf. 

"4. Santa Rosaha de Moliege, by Father Juan M. 
Basualda, in 1705, in latitude 26° 50', on the Gulf side. 

" 5. San Jose Commander, by Father Juhan de May- 
orga, in 1708, in latitude 26°, on the Gulf side. 

"6. La Purisima Concepcion, by Father Nicolas Tam- 
aral, in 1718, in latitude 26°, in the interior. 

"7. Nuestra Senora de Guadalupe, by Father Juan 
Ugarte and Everhard Helen, in 1721, in latitude 27°, on 
the Pacific. 

" 8. San Ignacio de Kadakman, by Father Juan B. 
Luyando, in 1728, in latitude 28°, on the Pacific. 

"9. N. S. de Dolores del Norte, in latitude 29°, was 
made as an adjunct to San Ignacio, but a few years 
afterwards seems to have been absorbed into this last 
and abandoned, as were two or three pioneer founda- 
tions of the same kind, before 1740. 

" 10. San Jose del Cabo, founded by Father Nicolas 
Tamaral, in. 1730, in latitude 23°. 

"11. Mission of Todos Santos in the South, founded 
as an adjunct to San Jose, about the year 1737, and 
formerly called Santa Rosa, in latitude 23°, on the Pacific. 

" 12. Mission of Santa Gertrudis, founded by Father 



HISTORICAL SUMMARY OF THE PENINSULA. 17 

Fernando Consag, in 1751, in latitude 29°, on the Gulf 
side. 

"13. Mission of San Francisco Borja [pronounced 
Borca], founded by Padre Winceslao Link, in 1762, in 
latitude 29°, on the Gulf side. 

"14. Mission of Santa Maria, in the vicinity of the 
bay of Los Angeles, on the Gulf, founded by Father 
Victoriano Arnes, in 1767, in latitude 31°." 

Of these fourteen Jesuit missions it will be observed 
that only three were placed on or near the Pacific, and 
none of them north of 28°. In 1768 the Franciscans, 
under Father Junipero Serra, succeeded the Jesuits, and 
they fostered the already established missions, and 
founded one new one, that of — 

" 15. San Fernando Villacatta, in 1769, in latitude 31°, 
in the interior." 

The remaining seven Lower California missions were 
founded by the Dommicans; and all but one on the 
Pacific side : 

" 16. El Eosario, near the bay of Los Virgenes, on the 
Pacific, in 1774, in latitude 30° 25', about fifty miles north- 
west from San Fernando Villacatta. 

" 17. Santo Domingo, near San Quintin Bay, and twen- 
ty leagues north from Rosario, in 1775, in latitude 30° 52'. 

" 18. San Vicente Ferrer, twenty leagues north from 
San Domingo, in latitude 31° 30'. 

" 19. Santo Tomas, near the bay of Todos Santos, the 
next above San Vicente, in 1790, in latitude 31° 52', 
about forty miles above San Vicente. 

'' 20. San Pedro Mart}T, about forty miles east of Santo 



18 PENINSULAR CALIFORNIA. 

Tomas, in the mountains, on the 28th day of May, 1794, 
by Father Cayetano Pallos, in latitude 31° 50'. 

"21. San Miguel, of the frontiers, some thirty miles 
south of San Diego, in 1782, by Father Tomas Valdellon 
and Miguel Lopez, in about latitude 32° 10'. 

" 22. Santa Catalina de los Yumas, about fifty miles 
east from Santo Tomas, in the mountains, by Father 
Jose Lorient, on the 18th of May, 1797, in about latitude 
31° 20'. Santa Catalina was the last mission founded in 
Lower Cahfornia." 

It appears that the Indians were numerous and very 
troublesome for many years in the northern haK of the 
Peninsula; and as the mission fathers had no armed 
force to protect them, their progress northward, par- 
ticularly on the Ocean side, was made difficult. The 
topography of the Peninsula, which becomes very 
mountainous north of latitude 29°, also impeded theu' 
operations. The old roads then made. show that they 
were thus troubled. In 1790, when the mission of Santo 
Tomas was founded, "the Indians were very trouble- 
some to manage." Since then they have almost en- 
tirely disappeared in the northern district. The dises- 
tabhshment of the missions here, as in Upper California, 
tended to the speedy extinction of the race. 

In 1842 the Mexican Congress admitted two delegates 
from the two Cahfornias, on a basis of somewhat over 
thirty -three thousand population for both, of which 
twelve thousand were credited to Lower, and the remain- 
der to Upper Cahfornia. During the Mexican War 
United States troops occupied the Peninsula, and a con- 



HISTORICAL SUMMARY OF THE PENINSULA. 19 

siderable number of the principal inhabitants, who had 
favored annexation to the United States, left the terri- 
tory when the American troops evacuated it. When 
gold was discovered in Upper California a large migra- 
tion to the gold-fields still further emptied the northern 
part of the Penuisula. 

In the "Geografia de la Repubhca Mexicana" of Mr. 
Antonio Garcia Cubas, pubhshed in 1874, the total popu- 
lation of Lower Cahfornia is given at 23,195, of which 
only 6125 were credited to the northern part, above 
latitude 29°. In fact, it was considerably less in 1880, 
the pursuits of mining and the pearl-fishery, and the 
difficulty of getting away to other countries, having 
barely mamtained the population of the southern end, 
the most populous part lying between the latitude of La 
Paz and Cape St. Lucas. 

Pohtically, the Peninsula is a Territory, not a State, of 
the Mexican republic. It has two capitals, La Paz in the 
south, and Ensenada in the north ; and two governors, 
appointed by the Federal authority as governors of Ter- 
ritories are appointed with us. The great length of the 
Peninsula, and the difficulty of passing through this 
length, has made necessary its division mto these two 
districts. There is no territorial legislature; the few 
Government employes are paid out of the Federal treas- 
ury, and with the exception of customs duties there are 
no taxes, except for local improvements. There are, 
therefore, no " pohtics " in this quiet land. The Govern- 
ment requnes the inhabitants to obey the laws and keep 
the peace, and large powers are given to the governors 



20 PENINSULAR CALIFORNIA. 

to maintain order and punish violence. At La Paz there 
is a small force of troops ; at Ensenada the Governor had 
until recently under his control a pohce force of fifteen 
mounted men, well armed and active, who were suffi- 
cient for all purposes. 

The rapid and considerable increase in population 
around Todos Santos Bay and in other parts of the terri- 
tory possessed and being settled by the International 
Company has led the Federal Government, for the pro- 
tection and security of settlers, to make Ensenada, the 
capital, a full company post, establishing there a picked 
company of one hundred soldiers, commanded by offi- 
cers carefully selected for their standing in the military 
school, which is the West Point of Mexico. 



CHAPTEK II. 
WHY THE PENINSULA WAS REPUTED A DESERT. 

TTTTITH the exception of New Guinea, Lower Califor- 
* ' nia was until recently one of the least known 
parts of the world. Very thinly inhabited except in the 
extreme southern part, examined in its whole length and 
breadth by not more than one or two men capable of 
making an intelligent report on it, so mountainous and 
uninhabited m the northern half that — as I know by 
experience — travelling was extremely difficult there 
from lack of supplies and good roads. Lower California, 
having got the reputation of being a desert, attracted no 
general attention or even curiosity. Mining prospectors 
examined parts of it from time to time, and failed to 
find the rich deposits they hoped for. Land speculators 
got grants of parts of it from the Mexican Government, 
but broke down, because they planted colonies only on 
the sterile southern half. Until the International Com- 
pany secured its grants in the northern half of the Pen- 
insula this part was avoided by speculators of all kinds, 
who were attracted to the south because there the rich- 
est mineral deposits were reported to be, and there also 
are the broad plains which were mistakenly supposed to 
be most capable of colonization. The mountainous char- 



22 PENINSULAR CALIFORNIA. 

acter of the northern district concealed its agricultural 
wealth from mere speculators. It required the actual 
explorations and surveys made by the International 
Company to reveal the extent and value of this section. 

Thus the whole Peninsula has long been regarded as 
a desert because only its worst parts were known, and 
these even but little known. It does contain in the 
middle and southern parts a considerable sterile area. 
There are, according to Ross Browne and other travel- 
lers, extensive plains in the southern district, curiously 
covered with rocks and loose stones, and really desert. 
In other portions of the southern half of the Peninsula 
there are, again, broad plains having a fertile soil, and as 
Eoss Browne, its only careful explorer, reported, water 
attainable by digging wells. But most of these southern 
plains, which are below the limits of the International 
Company, he in the rainless zone. The water which 
Ross Browne found everywhere, even in this arid region, 
underlying the soil is of course the drainage of the 
mountain range which runs the whole length of the 
Peninsula. 

The various attempts at colonization have been, with 
one or two exceptions, made in the southern half of the 
Peninsula, and their failure naturally gave the whole of 
Lower California a bad name. But even these attempts 
failed mainly because they were, in every case so far as 
I know, mere speculative adventures, carried on without 
inteUigence and with no purpose to establish agriculture, 
but either as mere mining enterprises or with the de- 
sign to unload on settlers as quickly as possible. Ross 



WHY THE PENINSULA AVAS REPUTED A DESERT. 25 

Browne, who traversed the whole Peninsula from Cape 
St. Lucas to the United States boundary, in 1867, in the 
employ of the Lower California Company, one of these 
colonisation schemes, gives a vivid description of such a 
speculative settlement which he saw in that year : 

"We struck inland a mile or two below Santa Ma- 
ria. Approaching the place, our eyes were gladdened 
by the sight of two or three very American - looking 
board houses and a well-cleared piece of road, broad and 
smooth as a race-track. What was our surprise, on rid- 
ing up to the house, to find a couple of sign-boards on 
one corner, one bearing the inscription ' Hyde Street,' the 
other ' Barry Street !' Without knowing it, we had stum- 
bled on an embryo American town. We were met at 
the door by an elderly man, whose name we afterwards 
learned was Porter. He welcomed us cordially, showed 
us where to put our baggage and saddles, dhected the 
men where to find pasture for the mules, and took us in, 
treating us with the greatest hospitahty. We remained 
over the next day, and learned that the proposed city of 
Santa Maria was a speculation of a Judge Hyde, of San 
Francisco, based on the problematical event of his being 
able to make this the terminus of the best road across 
the mountains to the Colorado. A large sum of money 
had been spent here, and all that remained to show for 
it were two good houses and one very poor one, a few 
hundred yards of useless road running nowhere over a 
plain, a corral, and a little vegetable garden. The port is 
so small and shallow that the little vessel of eight or ten 
tons that comes here occasionally has difficulty in pass- 



26 PENINSULAR CALIFORNIA. 

ing the bar ; the plain' on which the future city is to be 
built is too salt to admit of cultivation, and is subject to 
overflows when, as last winter, it is covered with half a 
foot or more of water; firewood there is none, except a 
scanty supply of willow, and the general resources of 
the region are just nil. There is excellent grass on the 
plains, especially among the willows and near the hills, 
and the water, which is very good, is reached by wells of 
from three to twelve feet deep." 

Here were grass and good water easily accessible, Mr. 
Browne reports, but no effort made at real settlement by 
farmers. Santa Maria City was evidently the merest 
speculation ; a proposed terminus for a proposed railroad 
which never got further than being proposed. 

Every such failure has, of course, given the whole 
Peninsula a black eye, although not more than one or 
two even of these futile attempts, so far as I know, were 
made in that northern part which the International 
Company of Mexico controls, and which is now opened 
to settlement. 

The last of these failed colonizing attempts was that 
of the Lower California Company, in 1868-70. Their 
grant extended from the latitude of La Paz in the 
south to San Quintin in the north, and they chose for 
their first settlement perhaps the least promising part of 
this great area — the section about Magdalena Bay, a 
large part of which is really sterile. The colonists who 
were sent there by the company were laborers with no 
means, who were told that to collect orchilla, a parasitic 
plant used in dyeing, would give them a living. They 



WHY THE PENINSULA WAS REPUTED A DESERT. 27 

found it did not, and some perished on the spot ; the rest 
got back to Upper CaUfornia, telhng truly that they had 
been misled into a hopeless enterprise. The company 
seem to have been discouraged by this failure, and, so far 
as I know, made no further efforts. As they did not ful- 
fil the conditions on which they received their large 
grant, the Mexican Government m due time, and in a 
legal manner, formally declared it forfeited. 



CHAPTER III. 
NATUEAL WEALTH, CLIMATE, SOIL, TIMBER, WATER, ETC. 

^HE grant of the International Company begins 
-^ a little south of the northern limit of the extinct 
Lower Cahfornia Company, and extends north to the 
United States boundary line. It covers a region almost 
the whole of which possesses a totally different charac- 
ter from that farther south. "While more mountainous 
than our Upper California, or than the part of the Penin- 
sula to the south, and therefore containing a less propor- 
tion of arable lands, it has numerous valleys, mesas, and 
hill-slopes as rich as the best of Upper California, with, 
as will be found by settlers, as large an average rainfall 
as San Diego or San Bernardino County, and as large a 
number, in proportion, of streams available for irriga- 
tion.* I do not believe that irrigation will be more neces- 
sary in these valleys than it is in San Diego, Los Angeles, 
and San Bernardino counties. Grain crops are grown 
as successfully without irrigation in the valleys of north- 
ern Lower California, wherever men have tried, as in the 
counties I have named. 

This change in the character of the northern part of 

* Tables of temperature, rainfall, etc., will be found in an appendix. 




Mmi&iR'^SM: 



m 



NATURAL WEALTH, CLIMATE, SOIL, TIMBER, ETC. 31 

the Peninsula has struck every traveller. It is due 
mainly to the fact that the high mountain ranges in the 
north affect the climate favorably, and also gather and 
store waters for the streams. In his "Historical Sum- 
mary of Lower California, from its Discovery in 1532 
to 1867," Alexander S. Taylor, a well-known Cahfornian, 
says on this point : 

" As the vicinities of the bay of Viscaino are reached, 
and after passing the parallel of 28°, the mountain sys- 
tem begins to rapidly rise from four thousand feet to the 
elevation of perpetual snow, which it appears to attain 
opposite the mission of San Fernando, and which from 
several accounts it seems to carry until near the mission 
of Santa Catalina. These snowy peaks (for it is only on 
the highest peaks snow is seen) must be over twelve 
thousand feet high, as they are reported to be covered 
with snow in the spring and early summer by Kino in 
1702, Link in 1765, and by Patie in 1827; but these Ne- 
vadas have never been laid down geographically correct 
in the two or three old maps of the Jesuits ; indeed, they 
are not laid down on any we have seen dated after 1830. 
In their vicinity is stated to be a large mountain lake 
which feeds the various small streams north of Viscaino 
Bay. 

"It is the melting of the snows on tliis range which 
makes the northern part of the Peninsula so much bet- 
ter and more fertile than the southern districts, or even 
l)etter than our sections between San Diego and San 
Bernardino." 

That there is a striking change and improvement in 



32 PENINSULAR CALIFORNIA. 

the climate, soil, and watering of the Peninsula, as the 
traveller proceeds northward, is attested by all observers. 
Ross Browne, for instance, writes : 

"Having passed Eosario, we were told to expect a 
great improvement in the country. The rocky tracts 
were to disappear, and beautiful valleys to take their 
place. Of a truth, there was a great change ; but Ro- 
sario is rather an arbitrary point. San Quintin would 
be a nearer approximation to the truth." 

He goes on to describe the country he saw about San 
Quintin : 

"About San Quintin the pasture was exactly like that 
of Upper California in its best condition. Alfileria, alfal- 
fa, burr and red clovers make the greater part of the for- 
age plants, while the yellow poppy, primrose, and other 
f amihar flowers complete the resemblance. In fact, the 
belt from here to Eosario may be laid down as the divid- 
ing line between the semitropical floras of the lower 
peninsula and the more northern vegetation of Upper 
Cahfornia. Many species of cactus disappear soon after 
leaving Eosario, as well as a large number of other 
plants with which we had become familiar ; and of those 
which do continue, a large number cling tenaciously to 
the mountains or highlands, and are even there scattered 
and thinning out. On the other hand, we had noticed 
for more than a week, one after another of our northern 
friends coming in, first scattered, stunted, and evidently 
away from home, but gradually increasing in number 
and size, almost insensibly but none the less surely sup- 
planting their southern neighbors. This overlapping of 



NATURAL WEALTH, CLIMATE, SOIL, TIMBER, ETC. 33 

forms takes place much more marked!}' in the high land 
than in the plains. In the latter the vegetation is much 
more sectional ; that is, it resembles much more closely 
the district to which it belongs. 

"As an illustration, an Upper Californian, suddenly 
transported to San Quintin, would have no special rea- 
son to suppose himself out of his State ; while if he were 
placed on the mountains directly east or north-east he 
would find the same plants that make the characteristic 
landscape about San Borja, or even farther south. Two 
or three miles from San Quintm we saw the last cardon, 
or columnar cactus ; and in the hne of demarcation 
which I had laid down we encountered the first buck- 
eyes and elders. Chaparral oaks make their appearance 
between this point and San Telmo, and the hills support, 
for the first time, a scattering growth of chamiso. The 
ceanothus, with its little bunches of purphsh fiowers, 
appears about the same time. 

" On the 10th we rode along the coast half a dozen 
leagues, over good grazing lands, to San Ramon, where we 
camped aside of a marshy arroyo, under shelter of a 
clump of willows. A quarter of a mile from us was a 
house, the headquarters of a ranchero. The people here 
are engaged m raising horses, of which we saw several 
bands. The animals are of good size, fine-looking beasts, 
and then condition spoke well for the character of the 
pasture." 

Proceeding northward from San Quintm, Browne 
continues : 

"Leaving San Ramon, we followed the coast four 



34 PENINSULAR CALIFORNIA. 

leagues farther over a similar country to that behind us, 
and then our road took us four leagues across a range of 
pretty high hills to San Telmo, a little settlement near a 
deserted and ruined mission, in a deep valley. Every- 
thing bore the impress of an approach to Upper Califor- 
nia. Large herds of sleek, nice-looking cows were graz- 
ing on the flats and lying under the shade of the trees ; 
while several flocks of sheep could be seen dottmg the 
hill-sides, or huddled together in some shady spot, under 
the care of a drowsy shepherd, whose more vigflant dog 
would rush at us with furious barking, trying to drive us 
away from his charge." 

He goes on with his journal : 

"In the afternoon we rode across a rolling granite 
country three leagues to the old mission of San Vicente, 
where, the next day being Sunday, we remained until 
Monday morning. Our camp was one of the most beau- 
tiful I ever beheld. We were on a perfectly level tract 
of a few acres, nearly shut in by a grand old hedge of 
prickly-pear ; the whole area was covered with a mat of 
the greenest grass. Back of us was a table ten or flf teen 
feet high, on which stood the not unpicturesque ruins of 
the mission buildings ; at our side was a fine stream of 
water, and overhead the dense f ohage of a clump of ven- 
erable olive-trees, in the midst of which we had made 
our camp. The mules luxuriated in the rich, juicy herb- 
age, and we enjoyed the beauties of the place to the full- 
est, leaving it with regret when Monday morning re- 
minded us that we could idle no longer. 

" San Vicente contains several leagues of good, very 



NATURAL WEALTH, CLIMATE, SOIL, TIMBER, ETC. 35 

fertile bottom-land, and a considerable tract of grazing- 
land, on the low, roUing hills. A large portion of the 
bottom seems to have been cultivated during the time of 
the missions, judging from the remains of irrigating 
ditches winding around the hill -sides. Let American 
enterprise wake these people out of their lethargy, and 
San Vicente wiU become one of the most flourishing 
ranches of Lower California. 

" From San Vicente we rode inland seven leagues to 
Santo Tomas, through a roUing, rocky country, with 
plenty of water. This latter place is in the bottom of a 
wide arroyo, twenty-one miles from the coast. It is 
quite a town, of some perhaps fifty or sixty inhabitants, 
containing half a dozen houses and the ruins of the 
small mission estabUshment. A few acres of ground are 
under cultivation, irrigated by the water of three or four 
large springs. This is the headquarters of the subgov- 
ernment of the frontiers. Senor Zerega, the deputy-gov- 
ernor, to whom we had letters, was absent, but we were 
very weU received by the family of a brother-in-law of 
our guide. A group of old ohve- trees, here surpassing 
in size even those of San Vicente, are almost the only 
traces of early cultivation of the vicinity. The valley is 
said to be excellent ranch-land for some distance further 
up, and all the way to the coast. Some cattle and sheep 
are raised here, and considerable quantities of wine are 
produced." This was in 1867. 

In the summer of 1849 a party of American gold- 
seekers, traveUtng by sea from Panama to California in 
a New Granadian schooner of about twenty-three tons, 



36 PENINSULAR CALIFORNIA. 

were shipwrecked near Point Domingo, on the southern 
coast of the Peninsula, and six persons of this party 
determined to make their way by land to San Diego. It 
proved a long and severe journey, made in the dry sea- 
son, of which Mr. J. D. H awloy pubhshed his journal — a 
record of much suffering. He Also notices the change 
from the southern sterile and unfriendly region to one 
farther north, where, whenever they could find a ranch, 
they received supphes and were comfortably enter- 
tained ; and it is about Eosario that (as he also 
notes) this change began. His journal reports, for in- 
stance : 

" Monday, Septemher Mill. — From San Rafael we passed 
over an uneven but fair road for four and a half leagues, 
when we arrived at the Ranch El Salado, owned by a 
cousin of our guide, Don Nicolas, and brother of our first 
guide from San Jose de Grace to San Ignacio — Juan 
Jose — and we received a cordial welcome. At present 
the ranch is only for grazing, but Senor Marie, the pro- 
prietor, is now busy making adobes for a new house, and 
he intends to bring in a stream of water for irrigation ; 
this will enable him to raise all kinds of fruits and vege- 
tables. The valley is quite extensive, and the soil ap- 
pears to be good. We spent the entire day at El Sala- 
do, and we are to exchange two of our mules for two 
horses. 

" Tuesday, September 25th. — Did not get an early start, 
as our two horses did not come in till about twelve 
o'clock. At two we started and rode to San Vicente, 
three and a half leagues, an excellent ranch." 



NATURAL WEALTH, CLIMATE, SOIL, TIMBER, ETC. 37 

Under date of September 29th lie writes : 

" We have passed through unmense fields of wild 
oats and mustard, where large numbers of horses and 
cattle are grazing. The Indians about here are repre- 
sented as very troublesome." 

Compare these accounts of travellers and explorers 
with the following, which I extract from the Ensenada 
Lower Californian of April 19, 1888, and it will be seen 
that they did not exaggerate : 

"A friend at Sauzal sends us a sheaf of wild oats 
which measures four feet in length and hangs full of 
grain. These oats grow wild, and immense fields of 
them go to waste for want of stock to eat them. 

" Charles Bennett showed us the other day a twig six 
inches in length, cut from a plum-tree in his Maneadero 
orchard, on which were eight full-grown plums. The 
tree has been set out just one year. This growth was 
not exceptional. Other fruit-trees in his orchard pre- 
sented the same wonderful productiveness. If there had 
ever been any reason to doubt that fruit-trees would do 
weU in that valley, Mr. Bennett's orchard settles the 
question beyond all controversy. 

" We understand the wheat harvest is coming on in 
the Maneadero and other valleys m this vicinity, some 
grain having already been cut. By next week, probably, 
the wheat harvest will be on in earnest. The yield will 
be large, and the quahty equal to any raised on the Pa- 
cific coast, or, for that matter, in the world." 

And this account of San Ysidrio, a newly developed 
region south of Santo Tomas : 



38 PENINSULAR CALIFORNIA. 

" To the Editor of the Lower Californian : 

"All the resident farmers here are pushing forward 
their clearing and planting operations, and any one who 
has not visited our place since the first sod was turned, 
some three months ago, would be surprised to see what 
the progress has been in that short period. We have six 
resident families engaged in farming, two more who 
have land under crop and whose ulterior intentions are 
unknown, and eight others who have bought land on 
our mesa with the view of settling and cultivating in 
the autumn. Others farming at some distance have 
bespoken land on the town site to build upon for resi- 
dence. 

" The chief attractions of our place are the healthful- 
ness and beauty of its location on the Pacific Ocean, 
fifty-four miles from Ensenada, its equable climate and 
invigorating breezes, the natural protection of our land- 
ing making it the inlet and outlet for considerable back 
country business, the mineral wealth of the neighbor- 
hood, good soil, abundant fuel, cheap Indian labor, and 
water abundant in quantity and unsurpassed in quahty. 

"One of our farmers has new potatoes fit to dig, 
while all have a growth more or less promising of hay, 
corn, and other farm and garden produce. Vines and 
fruit-trees have been set out by some, and others are 
now at work at it. 

"The Ensenada and San Quintin steamer calls once 
a week." 

The Indians have long ago ceased to be troublesome ; 









^■is 









/ 



NATURAL WEALTH, CLIMATE, SOIL, TIMBER, ETC. 41 

they have ahnost totally disappeared, and the few who 
remam are a docile laboring force. 

The Spanish rancheros of San Diego and Los An- 
geles counties knew the northern part of Lower Cah- 
fornia more intimately than any one else. Some of them 
had relatives hving in that country, and most of them 
had travelled in it. I knew several of these in 1871-72, 
all of whom asserted to me positively that the northern 
part of the Peninsula, as far down as below Eosario, so 
far from being the desert it was commonly reputed to 
be, was fertile, beautiful, fairly well watered, and as 
rich as L^pper California. Their testimony, which was 
unanimous and positive, first induced me to think of 
owning property down there, and led me to study the 
region in reports and other pubhcations — very few in 
number they are — and to visit it in 1881.' Don Juan 
Foster, one of the largest land and cattle owners in 
San Diego County, told me fii-st, what was confirmed 
by others, that in seasons of severe drought, when 
his and other owners' cattle were starving, they were 
accustomed to drive them across the border into Lower 
California, where they were sure to find abundance of 
feed, and, of course, water, for cattle cannot five with- 
out water. This I find also confirmed in a letter of 
Charles D. Poston, written so long ago as 1866, in which 
he says : 

" For grazing cattle, horses, sheep, and goats, Lower 
California is, in some respects, superior to Upper Cah- 
fornia ; and I have personally known, in seasons of 
great drought, the cattle and horses from Los Angeles 



42 PENINSULAR CALIFORNIA. 

and San Diego to be driven to Lower California to save 
them from perishing." 

Taylor quotes, to the same effect, a book I have never 
been fortunate enough to see— the account of the north- 
ern part of the Peninsula, by James 0. Patie. He says 
of Patie : 

" The first American who visited this section of the 
Peninsula from the east, or indeed the first white man, 
was James O. Patie, as long ago as March, 1827. He 
was taken, with his father and a party of distressed 
beaver-hunters, by a squad of soldiers at the mission of 
Santa Catalina, whence they travelled to San Vicente 
and then up the coast to Santo Tomas, San Miguel, and 
San Diego, at which place they were all put in prison 
by General Echeandia, the first Mexican governor of 
the two Californias. In his book, Patie says this part 
of the coast contains large quantities of fertile land, 
and the padres had excellent vineyards, gardens, and 
orchards of all kinds of fruits, grains, and vegetables, 
and feasted the travellers on good wines, fruits, and 
viands. Some four thousand Indians were seen in Santa 
Catahna, San Vicente, Santo Tomas, and San Miguel. 
These parts ^ere covered with bands of cattle by the 
thousand, and in Santo Tomas alone the padres had 
thirty thousand sheep." 

The accoimts thus given by intelhgent explorers and 
travellers refer only to the most easily accessible parts 
of the Peninsula, those on or adjacent to the sea-shore. 
The large interior of the northern part was never thor- 
oughly explored untfi the International Company's sur- 




PEXINSULAR CALIFORXIA — SOUTHERN ITAT.F. 



NATURAL WEALTH, CLIMATE, SOIL, TIMBER, ETC. 45 

reyors traversed it. They found, besides numerous val- 
leys hidden among the mountains, plateaus covered 
with valuable timber and grasses, extensive areas possess- 
ing a fertile soil, an elevated pine belt one hundred and 
forty to one hundred and fifty miles in length north and 
south, and from five to twenty miles wide ; and in this 
area lagoons and mountain streams in abundance, with 
a temperate climate, the result of the elevation of these 
mountain plateaus. Here evidently are the sources of 
the streams which are found in the lowlands, and many 
of which reach the ocean. In this elevated region the 
climate is suitable to apples and cherries and other fruits 
of the northern temperate zone ; and the timber country 
will afford, when roads are made, abu'ndant supphes for 
the population nearer the sea-shore. 

Col. D. K. Allen, for over ten years a resident of the 
Peninsula, and at present land inspector for the Inter- 
national Company, has recently completed the first care- 
ful exploration of this great mountain region of the 
northern part, where are found the sources or head wa- 
ters of the streams which make their way, sometimes 
underground, sometimes at the surface, to the Pacific 
coast, and afford the certainty of water supply to the 
numerous valleys and plains. He reports details con- 
cerning the extensive timber belt in this mountain re- 
gion. He wi'ites : 

" This great mountain region Hes about one hundred 
miles south-east of Ensenada, seventy-five miles east of 
San Quintin, and from thirty to thirty-five miles west of 
the GuLf of Cahf ornia. 



46 PENINSULAR CALIFORNIA. 

"The mountain, for there is really but one, is about 
one hundred and ten miles in length, and from fifteen to 
thirty in width. The great range, of which San Pedro is 
the crown, is about one hundred and sixty miles long 
and from twenty to forty wide. The highest portion of 
the mountain on the west is eleven thousand eight hun- 
dred feet above the sea, while the eastern portion, or that 
next to the Gulf, rises to twelve thousand eight hundred 
feet, and is covered with the very best of pine timber. 
The Palomas — three peaks at the extreme east — rise from 
one thousand two hundred to one thousand five hundred 
feet still higher. These are perfectly white, though the 
canons on the sides are filled with pine. 

" The highest altitude reached by my party was twelve 
thousand eight hundred feet at three different points. 
I spent seventy-six days and travelled over one thousand 
five hundred miles in my examination of that region. 
We visited every valley, climbed every mountain peak, 
followed every stream from its head to its point of union 
with streams that led to the sea. Water is abundant 
everywhere, and only has to be husbanded in order to 
furnish a great supply for all the lands on the north end 
of the Peninsula. These streams can be easily and 
cheaply dammed, and all of the pine can be put into 
them and floated down to the heads of the valleys. This 
can be done with the San Rafael, which is a grand 
stream with five large branches, draining nearly all of 
the north end of San Pedro ; also with the San Domingo, 
which drains the western side of the mountain, and the 
logs or timber can be taken out at the upper end of San 



NATURAL WEALTH, CLDIATE, SOIL, TIMBER, ETC. 47 

Rafael Valley near Colnett, or at the upper end of San 
Quintin Valley near San Eamon. Either water route is 
perfectly feasible. 

"The pasture was the finest I ever saw on the Pacific 
coast. Wild oats, rye, red-top, clover, bunch grass, buffa- 
lo, gramma, and many other grasses were knee-high to 
our mules. There was only one man — an Indian — Hving 
within thirty miles of the mountain. He was milking 
sixty cows, and making butter and cheese, which he sold 
at the mining camps at Socorro and Valledares, at San 
Telmo and San Quintin. 

" Much of the surface of the mountain is level as a 
plain, and one can drive a pair of horses and buggy for 
miles just where he chooses among the pines. Other 
portions are almost inaccessible. The soil is excellent. 
The valleys of La Grulla, Santo Tomas, Santa Eoex Old 
Mission, Old Corral, Vallecitos, Valle de los CabaUos, are 
all beautiful and good. 

" The great area of the mountain is about one million 
acres, one-half of which is covered with good pine, cedar, 
and fir. I measured fifty-four acres, taken carefully as 
an average of the timber, and found that there were 
twenty -five large and fifteen small trees to the acre. 
The large trees averaged three logs each, twelve feet 
long, two and one -half feet in diameter. On the fifty- 
four acres I foimd only one hundred and sixty-five dead 
trees, of which one hundred and seven were lying on the 
ground. Two of these latter had recently fallen. I 
found one which measured one hundred and eighty feet 
in length, eight feet in diameter at the butt, and sixty- 



48 PENINSULAR CALIFORNIA. 

five feet to the first limb, where it was five and one- 
half feet in diameter. I measured a number of fir and 
red cedar trees that were twenty-five, and even twenty- 
seven feet in circumference, eighteen inches above the 
ground. 

" With a railroad, which is feasible, that body of pine 
is worth many millions of dollars. The Yuma Railroad 
will pass within thirty miles of the northern end of the 
pine region, the best portion, and a track can be built up 
to the pines, or to some one of the streams, and the logs 
can be driven down the stream as is done in many 
places in Wisconsin and Michigan. This water held in 
reserve to run the logs can be utihzed in irrigating the 
valleys below. 

"Game was very abundant; black and white tail and 
moose deer by the hundreds. Antelope are plenty on 
the mesas south and east, and in the great valley of 
San Fehpe, which, by-the-way, will become one of the 
gardens of Lower California. It is an immense body 
of good land ; hot as Yuma, but for all that good. 
Mountain sheep are abundant at the southern end, near 
Rosarito. 

" The water and snow fall is immense. It rained five 
times in June, fifteen in July, seventeen m August, and 
sixteen in September. More than thirty inches of water 
fell. On the 10th and 11th of September six and one- 
tenth inches of water fell. On the 19th of the same 
month, in San Felipe Valley, three inches fell in four 
hours. The thunder was very heavy, the lightning 
sharp. Four weeks ago there was ten feet of snow on 



NATURAL WEALTH, CLIMATE, SOIL, TIMBER, ETC. 49 

San Pedro. This accounts for the permanent water in 
all of the streams from Ensenada to the southward, and 
for the mild, pleasant climate of summer all along the 
coast." 

Further details of this important timber country will 
be found in an appendix. 

The Peninsula is undoubtedly rich in minerals, but 
its great development m this direction can come only 
with a denser population. In the southern part a num- 
ber of profitable mining enterprises are on foot at this 
time. The Triumfo silver-mmes, south-west of La Paz, 
are in English hands. Near latitude 27° on the Gulf 
side, the Santa Rosalia and Poleo copper -mines are 
worked by a French company under control of the 
Paris Rothschilds. This company has expended several 
milhons on its works, town, and a railroad; and the 
mines are considered very rich. There are at several 
points on the Peninsula considerable placer and quartz 
deposits, promising well, and there have been lately dis- 
coveries of copper deposits m the northern part, beheved 
to be as rich as those on the Gulf coast above spoken 
of. The "color" of gold can be got in almost every 
gulch and ravine on the Peninsula ; and when the mm- 
eral resources are better known it will probably be found 
that the Peninsula's formation is but an extension of the 
gi'eat northern California gold-field. 

Concerning the healthfulness of the climate of the 
northern part of the Peninsula, all the accounts, from 
those of the early missionaries down, concur, and with 
enthusiastic praise. Taylor, whom I have before quoted, 



50 PENINSULAR CALIFORNIA. 

does not misrepresent the universal testimony when he 
writes : 

"The climate of the country between the boundary and 
Magdalena Bay is one of the most delightful, salubrious, 
and equable on the face of the globe, and, if settled, this 
region would be among the most accessible and accepta- 
ble sanitariums in the world, and is admirably adapted 
to raising many of the fruits of the torrid zone, and all 
of those of the Mediterranean basin as well as all the 
vegetables and cereals of Alta California ; and all agree 
that they are of much better quahty than those raised 
above San Diego." 

He adds, what is very true, that on the Gulf of Cali- 
fornia the summers are extremely hot, "torrid" as he 
rightly says. Again he writes: 

"The climate, from its proximity to the sea, is not 
only extremely salubrious, the people enjoying uncom- 
monly good health, and being long livers, but the atmos- 
phere is extremely fine, pleasant, and invigorating, and 
seldom troubled with cold summer fogs and winds; 
these facts are well known since 1770, the testimony of 
travellers and seamen being uniform. 

"The missionaries, after 1730, introduced the Arabian 
date-palm, which succeeds admirably, and yields abun- 
dantly, and also oranges, lemons, and ah the species of the 
citrine family, pineapples, bananas, and plantains. They 
also planted the vine, ohve, fig, pomegranate, almond, 
peach, quince, and even plums, apples, pears, melons, 
watermelons, and such hke, in more elevated and cooler 
districts. The vine, fig, olive^ currant -grape, almond, 



NATURAL WEALTH, CLIMATE, SOIL, TIMBER, ETC. 51 

quince, and peach are more luscious, and grow much 
quicker, and with less labor and expense, than in Alta 
Cahfornia, and in many localities are unsurpassed in 
the world for luxuriance, sweetness, and flavor. The 
fig and grape are much sweeter than in our State, and 
the gTape ripens quicker and better, from hotter and 
drier suns, and makes much richer wine, brandy, raisins, 
and currants. Before 1849 the Lower Calif ornians sent 
up annually to Monterey large quantities of dried figs, 
currants, gTapes, dates, and peaches, and cheese also, 
where they were sold at reasonable rates and good 
profits. 

"There is much good land near the missions of Ro- 
sario, San Vicente, Santo Domingo, and Santo Tomas; 
several permanent streams and a number of coast la- 
goons furnish abundance of excellent water for animals 
and irrigation, exceedingly abundant and easily taken. 
The orange, lemon, banana, date -plum, grape, fig, olive, 
almond, peach, pomegranate, quince, arrive at maturity 
much earlier than farther north, in the United States." 



CHAPTER TV. 

THE PENINSULA AJSTD CALIFORNIA COMPARED. 

TF these accounts of Lower California are not gross 
-^ exaggerations, it will reasonably be said, "Why is it 
that this region, adjoining our own California, has lain 
so long waste ? One cause is the immense area of unoc- 
cupied, singularly rich, and until lately very cheap lands 
in CaUf ornia, having also a chmate remarkably health- 
ful and pleasant, and so wide a variety of products that 
■their full extent is not even yet known. Another is that 
Lower California is Mexican, a foreign land, and, as I 
have said before, a singularly unexplored region. But 
the main cause is found in the Mexican laws, which, 
until they were modified some years ago, rigorously 
forbade Americans, and all foreigners in fact, to own 
real estate within sixty miles of the boundary line and 
within three leagues from the sea-shore. The Peninsula 
is narrow, and these laws worked as total an exclusion 
•of settlers from abroad as though a Chinese wall had 
been built across the boundary line. Aside from these 
.causes, there were also others, such as the failure of 
experiments in colonization, and, even more important, 
the difficulty for individual purchasers, without great ex- 
pense of time and money, to ascertain the boundaries of 



THE PENINSULA AND CALIFORNIA COMPARED. 55 

occupied ranches, the soundness of titles, and the location 
of public lands in a region which has never been surveyed. 

The International Company began its operations by 
making a complete survey of the northern part of the 
Peninsula. This was the first of the conditions on which 
it received its gi'ant. It thus ascertained accurately 
which were the pubhc lands, of which by survey and 
purchase it became the owner, and at the same time, of 
course, marked the precise boundaries of such lands as 
were by good titles in private ownership, most of which 
latter lands the company has since bought. Thus by 
the company's labors this region was for the first time 
properly opened to possible settlement. Until this work 
was done, no lines could be definitely ascertained. 

Having made its surveys, the International Company 
is able to fix boundaries accurately, and by the condi- 
tions of its grant is able to give sound and indisputable 
title-deeds to the lands it seUs. These titles are in the 
form of warrantee deeds of the company, confirmed in 
every case by the Mexican Government in the manner 
of a United States land patent. By a special clause in 
the company's grant, these titles to lands it sells to set- 
tlers are made unassailable, even in the contmgency that 
the company should fail to fulfil some of the conditions 
of the grant. In that case (which is, however, no longer 
possible, as it has actually fulfilled all the conditions 
except that of settling two thousand families, for which 
it has ten years from September, 1887) it is provided that 
while the company shall forfeit its unsold lands, those 
a<;tually sold to settlers shall be undisputed. 



56 PENINSULAR CALIFORNIA. 

My own long-entertained desire to own land in Lower 
California led me, between 1878 and 1880, to make a care- 
ful study of the Mexican land laws, which showed me 
that ownership on the Peninsula was impossible to a 
foreigner, even if he should become a Mexican citizen. 
Only native born citizens could own lands within the 
prohibited zone. I then, through a very influential Mexi- 
can friend, made a personal application to the Mexican 
Government to have these regulations relaxed in my 
own case, stating the fact that some of my family 
wished to hve in that region. This application was re- 
jected on the ground that the law forbade, and I gave 
the matter up, after having visited the Peninsula in 1881, 
and satisfied myself that it was a region very desirable 
even to one who, like myself, knew Upper California 
thoroughly, and was an enthusiastic behever in its won- 
derful chmate and soil. 

In December, 1883, the Mexican Congress passed a 
law which altered the conditions of landholding within 
its borders, and very hberally opened Mexican lands to 
settlement and ownership by foreigners. It was the be- 
ginning of a new policy which is destined to work an 
immense benefit to Mexico ; and the conception and exe- 
cution of which is extremely creditable to the Govern- 
ment and people of Mexico. This " new departure " was 
made under the administration of President Gonzalez, 
and has been carried out in good faith and with enlight- 
ened vigor under the administration of President Diaz, 
to whose wise and far-seeing statesmanship the Mexican 
republic owes a deep debt of gratitude. 



THE PENINSULA AND CALIFORNIA COMPARED. 57 

Under the act of Congress known as the " Coloniza- 
tion Law," the Mexican President was authorized by 
Congress to make grants of pubhc lands to companies on 
conchtion of survey and settlement; the object being to 
secure the disposal of the public lands not to speculators 
to be held in great tracts, but for the settlement of agri- 
culturists, to populate the vacant parts of the repubhc. 
Thus the opening of the northern half of Lower Cahfor- 
nia became for the first time possible. 

In any case, the experience of the last thirty yeai-s 
has pretty weU dissipated the "desert" superstition. 
Old men remember very well when Texas was beheved 
to be a desert waste. I have myself, within twenty 
years, talked with Californians who refused to believe 
that their State could ever support a population " after 
mmiag was played out ;" and when I wrote my book on 
that State in 1871-72, describing its natural fertility and 
foretelUng its great and various development, Cahfor- 
nians for the most part beheved and said I had grossly 
overrated the richness of their State. Little more than 
ten years ago New Mexico and Arizona were popularly 
believed to be deserts, fit at best only in spots to run cat- 
tle on ; and the vast central plain, which has now nearly 
half a milhon of farmers, stands in the geographies of 
twenty-five years ago as "the great American desert." 

It required tliirty years— from 1848 to 1878— to devel- 
op even in part the singular and wonderful agiicultural 
wealth of California; and in my behef, not more than the 
half is known yet. I have myself seen a section of that 
State which in 1873 was declared, by a sheep-man with 



58 PENINSULAR CALIFORNIA. 

whom I camped, to be so sterile a desert that he could 
not feed a band of two thousand sheep on a hundred 
thousand acres of it, and he was then actually driving 
them off. When I saw this region again, in 1881, it was 
green with alfalfa and covered with all kinds of fruit- 
trees — apples already in bearing — and the land was 
thought cheap, and was cheap, at one hundred dollars 
per acre. Such experiences, of which I have known a 
dozen, show me that the cry of "desert" is nonsense. 

I travelled in 1881 over a part of the Peninsula where 
I could not for any money buy feed for my horses; 
and in the very same region I saw last year corn from 
fifteen to seventeen feet high, at least half the stalks 
bearing from two to three ears — full, large ears, such 
as would delight an Illinois farmer — and near by, the 
stubble of a large wheat -field, which showed that an 
excellent crop had been taken off; and all this with no 
irrigation whatever. American energy and enterprise, 
and American ploughs, had brought about this change 
on the Peninsula, just as they have done in Upper Cal- 
ifornia. 

That the country is healthful is so well estabhshed 
that it is needless to assert it ; all who have hved in it or 
travelled through it have proclaimed the peculiar excel- 
lence of the climate of the northern half of the Penin- 
sula. Like our own southern California, it affords every 
degree of climate — cool on the mountains, on the highest 
of which snow falls every year; cool also on the sea- 
shore, and a dry heat in the interior valleys. 

Both the summer and winter climates of the sea- 



THE PENINSULA AND CALIFORNIA COMPARED. 59 

shore of the northern part of the Peninsula will be found 
pecuharly kindly and favorable to persons with weak 
lungs or weak constitutions — more favorable, in my 
behef, than any part of the southern Cahfornia sea- 
shore, unless it be Santa Barbara and San Diego. More 
favorable because more equable. There are less daily 
extremes of temperature; the nights are cool but not 
cold, and the days are warm, but in my experience 
scarcely ever hot. I wore winter flannels in August on 
the shores of Lower Cahfornia, with light summer cloth- 
ing; and a more charming and more salubrious and 
invigorating climate than is found on the shores of 
Todos Santos Bay, and as far down as San Quintin, no 
one need wish. The time will come when almost every 
harbor within these limits will be a favorite resort both 
for summer and winter tourists and invahds. The sce- 
nery is enchanting, and the value to persons in tender 
health of the sea-shore climate of the Peninsula will be 
acknowledged, and will make that coast famous as soon 
as good hotels are ready to receive such persons, and 
competent physicians have been drawn thither to report 
on it. In an appendix will be found valuable records of 
temperature at Ensenada, kept for two years by an ex- 
pert observer, which tell their own story. 

The questions the farmer asks are : Is the soil fertile ? 
Is the climate healthful ? Is it adapted to the gi'owth of 
the most valuable crops ? Does the region promise suffi- 
cient water for the necessities of agriculture ? 

To aU these questions my answer is " Yes." The soil 
of the vaUeys and mesas is as rich as any in the world. 



60 PENINSULAR CALIFORNIA. 

The climate is as various as any one can ask ; for the 
settler may go to a mountain-side high enough to grow 
apples, or into valleys where he may grow date-palms, 
bananas, and the citrous fruits. He has as large a 
choice as in Southern California, and in my behef he will 
have a larger. There is no doubt that the date can be 
grown as a safe and profitable crop ; the banana will 
grow as a crop wherever the farmer has shelter and 
water ; though I do not believe this tender and large- 
leaved plant will flourish on the sea -shore. It needs 
shelter almost everywhere. Whether the cocoanut 
palm will thrive seems to me doubtful. It is not now 
found, at any rate, on the Peninsula north of La Paz, 
but there it does well. I think it may be discovered 
by-and-by that in the northern half of the Peninsula Ues 
the true home of the olive ; and I have no doubt that the 
climate is peculiarly well suited to the Madeira grape, 
which may, in the hands of enterprising Americans, find 
a new home and fresh vigor on the virgin soil of the 
Peninsula. For some years to come Lower California 
will be a place for experiments in agriculture and horti- 
culture, just as for twenty years past Upper California 
has variously and surprisingly rewarded intelligent ex- 
periment in its different sections. And it must be borne 
in mind that the farmer on the Peninsula will have the 
inestimable benefit of all the knowledge of methods of 
cultivation, adaptability of soil and situations to plants, 
use of water, etc. — of all that has been learned in these 
matters in the last thirty years by the farmers, orchard- 
ists, and vine -growers of our own California. How 



THE PENINSULA AND CALIFORNIA COMPARED. 61 

great the gain and advantage are in this respect, those 
know who have seen how much our Eastern farmers 
had to learn when they went upon Cahfornia lands, 
and through what years of patient and costly experi- 
ment they secured the knowledge which is now open to 
every settler on the Peninsula. 

As to water for irrigation, there is every reason to be- 
heve that with proper management there will be abun- 
dance. The fact that a number of old olive orchards, 
notably that of Santo Tomas, have survived the neglect 
of tjie greater part of a century, and that the grape and 
the pomegranate have grown well with scarcely any 
care, is sufficient evidence that the Peninsular lands are 
not dry, or arid, or desert. 

It will be found an advantage that in Lower Cali- 
fornia no large region or area will have to depend for 
uTigation water upon a single considerable river. Dis- 
putes about water are already proving very troublesome 
in some parts of Upper California, and as the country 
becomes more densely populated they threaten to be- 
come more frequent and bitter. They arise in almost 
every case out of the fact that a number of different 
and rapidly growing locahties depend for their irriga- 
tion water on the same stream, and those above inter- 
fere, by their use of the stream, with those at lower 
levels. 

The mass of mountains which crowd the northern 

part of the Peninsula gives being to numerous small 

streams. These find their way to the coast from many 

different parts of the interior range ; and it is a pecuU- 

4 



62 PENINSULAR CALIFORNIA. 

arity of this region that most of these streams are 
" lost," as it is called, at some part of their course, reap- 
pearing in many, though not all cases still farther 
down, and often forming lagoons near the sea-shore, 
where the ocean throws up a bank across their mouths. 

There are many such sunken streams in the northern 
part of the Peninsula, and wherever these occur it will 
be found that to dam up such a stream at a convenient 
part of its upper and sunken course will secure a supply 
of irrigation water at proper levels. In a journey over 
some part of this region which I made in 1881, 1 saw in 
a number of places these evidences of water; but of 
course the few and unenterprising Mexican farmers had 
neither means nor skill to use what nature offered them. 
The International Company's surveyors, who have exam- 
ined this region much more closely than any one else, 
report abundant streams issuing from the mountains 
in the interior available for irrigation ; and this was to 
be expected from the pecuUarly mountainous character 
of this part of the Peninsula. 

The experience which Cahfornians have gained in 
the last fifteen years in the securing and economical 
management of irrigation water will be very helpful to 
settlers in Lower California. That experience shows 
not only that water is far more abundant than was 
suspected, and that it can be had wherever high mount- 
ain ranges exist to gather it from the clouds, but also 
that by their united efforts men of small means, few in 
number, can make themselves sure of a sufficient water 
supply. It has been found also that an insignificant con- 



-: iii 




THE PENINSULA AND CALIFORNIA COMPARED. 65 

stant stream suffices to water an astonishing quantity of 
land; that no such constant soaking of the soil as was 
practised twenty years ago by our people in California 
is required ; that thorough and frequent ploughing is al- 
most everywhere sufficient for grain crops, and that 
when once the subsoil has been penetrated by irrigation, 
the land thereafter needs comparatively httle water. 

It is an advantage also that the practice of settlement 
in " colonies " has been perfected and proved a conspicu- 
ous success in Upper California, for the many charming 
httle valleys scattered among the mountains of Lower 
Cahfornia are specially fitted for such settlement of 
colonists. By combined effort even a dozen or twenty 
farmers can in such valleys secure water, and forming 
a society among themselves, they can at once and easily 
provide a church, school -house, and other conveniences 
of hfe. Yery soon, too, mechanics are drawn into such 
"colonies," and the little settlement has about it all it 
needs for the simple and independent life in a pleasant 
climate, where the house need be only a shelter, and no 
expensive barns, stables, and other out-houses are re- 
quired. 

Nor does this exhaust the possibihties of settlement 
in colonies. There is no reason why in such societies 
the middle -man should not be ehminated, why the 
colony should not buy at wholesale for all its mem- 
bers what they need from without, and thus effect so 
great a saving as would bring almost immediate pros- 
perity to all. Almost every farmer, especially in a new 
country, has noticed that it is the "store-keeper" who 



66 PENINSULAR CALIFORNIA. 

gets rich ; wlio lives in a fine house and sends his sons 
to college and his daughters to boarding-school, while his 
customers, the farmers and mechanics, work unceasingly 
to get not much more than a bare hving. A colony may 
easily, if it hkes, save to its members all the profits on 
which the "store-keeper" makes a fortune. A colony 
may, if its members agree, make rules for economical 
management in still other ways ; as, for instance, by unit- 
ing to do without fences around their lands, each keep- 
ing up his own cattle, which, where alfalfa is grown and 
ensilage is made, can be easily done. 

It is to be hoped that the farmers who will settle in 
the pretty valleys of Lower Cahf ornia will try such ex- 
pedients as these to make their labor more productive, 
and to economize their outlays. 

Except on low-lying lands, I should say that irriga- 
tion will be required in Lower California at least as 
much as in San Diego, San Bernardino, and Los Angeles 
counties. But with water applied to the soil, what won- 
ders^ what miracles have been wrought in Southern Cah- 
f ornia in a few years ! I saw Riverside in the spring of 
1872, when it was so dreary and desolate a spot that to 
my eyes, and to those of many others, it seemed a hope- 
less desert waste. The few orange-trees which had been 
set out had just been cut down by a bitter frost ; the 
great plain was still bare, only three or four small frame 
houses standing on it ; and the whole enterprise seemed 
to even my sanguine eyes so unpromising that I told 
Judge North, the founder of the colony, that I feared he 
had made a mistake, and I dared not give a very encour- 



THE PENINSULA AND CALIFORNIA COMPARED. 67 

aging report of his enterprise — one of the earhest colo- 
nizing plans begun in the State — in my book. Every 
Cahfornian knows what Riverside is now — with land 
selling at a thousand dollars per acre, and perhaps 
higher, and with its oranges, raisins, apricots, and other 
products famous all over the State and far beyond its 
boundaries. Water judiciously applied produced that 
magnificent result, and in ten years made a lovely and 
rich garden -spot out of what was originally a barren 
and most unpromising waste. 

I drove the length and breadth of the Fresno country 
in 1872, when even the cattle-men thought it too arid 
and desert for their cows; now it is one of the justly 
famous garden-spots of Cahfornia, rich with every prod- 
uct, from grain to raisins and other valuable fruits. The 
settlement of the Fresno country was also largely by 
colonies. 

The "colony plan," as it was called, was laughed at 
for a while in California. I have watched the develop- 
ment of several of the most noted experiments with care- 
ful interest, and I do not know of one in which the mem- 
bers held together for even eight or ten years, without 
every man becoming comfortably independent. There 
can be no better evidence of the expediency and advan- 
tage of settlement in "colonies" than Anaheim. Its 
founders were not even farmers ; they were, with scarce- 
ly an exception, city mechanics, unfamiliar with farm 
work. They were poor, and saved out of their earnings 
as mechanics a weekly or monthly sum to pay for their 
shares. They had one advantage — the services of an in- 



68 PENINSULAR CALIFORNIA. 

telligent and faithful manager, who cared for their land 
and superintended their planting for them while they 
remained at work at their trades in San Francisco ; for 
they were too poor to go upon their land until their 
vines were ready to yield a crop. I never thought the 
place of their settlement the best that could have been 
selected, and have no doubt that with the knowledge of 
wine culture now common in California, they could 
have chosen a better location. They began in extreme 
poverty, and yet I beheve I am correct in saying that 
not one of the Anaheim colonists who held on but long 
ago became a man in comfortable and independent cir- 
cumstances, while some became wealthy. 

That part of Lower Cahfornia now open to settle- 
ment through the International Company offers many 
valuable advantages to farmers and manufacturers. Its 
more southern position naturally induces the earher 
ripening of such fruits as the orange and lemon, and 
will make profitable the cultivation of the banana and 
several other tropical fruits, for most of which the for- 
eign market would be in the United States. The tariff 
duty may be against the Lower Californian in these 
products ; but, on the other hand, he will have the com- 
mand of the earhest market, and therefore the highest 
prices, which will more than counterbalance the tariff. 
For all other agricultural products, from grain and 
beans to apricots and prunes, he wiU have the advan- 
tage of an unlimited market in Western Mexico, in 
which the Mexican tariff on flour, canned fruits, butter, 
cheese, etc., will be in his favor. This advantage is so 



THE PENINSULA AND CALIFORNIA COMPARED. 69 

obvious and great that fruit -canneries, flour -mills, and 
other manufactories to prepare farm products for mar- 
ket are already being established at a number of points 
on the Peninsula ; and as the farming and fruit-growing 
population increases, and fruit-trees of various kinds 
come into bearing, the stimulus of the large market of 
Western Mexico, now supphed from San Francisco, will 
lead to the rapid increase of these and many other kinds 
of factories. 



CHAPTEK V. 

THE RELATION OF SETTLERS TO THE GOVERNMENT. — SPECIAL 
PRIVILEGES, 

'T^HE special privileges granted by the Mexican Govern- 
-■- ment to "colonists" — which means settlers who reg- 
ister themselves under that name — are also extremely 
valuable. The purchaser of land in Lower Cahfornia 
from the International Company need not register him- 
self as a " colonist " unless he wants to, but it is so clear- 
ly to the profit of all to do so that few will omit it. 

To become a " colonist," he gives his name and Lower 
California address to the "Agent of Colonization" at 
Ensenada. He must at the same time bring from the 
International Company a certificate that he is a person 
of good habits and industrious character, and of the 
trade or profession he has followed. If he desires to 
retain his American or foreign citizenship he makes a 
declaration to that effect ; but if he waits more than six 
months after being enrolled to make such a declaration, 
he is thereupon regarded as a Mexican citizen. 

In either case, equally, whether he retains his origi- 
nal citizenship or becomes a Mexican citizen, he obtains 
as colonist the following important privileges, as speci- 
fied in the " Colonization Act :" 



RELATION OF SETTLERS TO GOVERNMENT, ETC, 73 

"Article 7. The colonists settled in the republic will 
enjoy for a term of ten years from the date of their set- 
tlement the following privileges : 

" I. Exemption from all military service. 

"II. Exemption from all kinds of taxes [internal 
taxes are here meant]. 

" III. Exemption from import and domestic duties on 
provisions in places where there are no provisions; on 
working tools and implements ; machinery ; construc- 
tion materials for houses; house furniture; and breed- 
ing animals for the colony. 

"IV. Personal and untransferable exemption from 
duties on exportation of fruit raised in the colony." 

The colonists settling under the International Com- 
pany's grant have these privileges for twenty years 
instead of ten. 

The permission of free importation of agricultural 
tools, machinery, lumber for houses and fences, and fiu*- 
niture, joined to the exclusive enjoyment of the market 
of Western Mexico, from the United States Ime to Gua- 
temala, gives, it will be seen, very important advan- 
tages to the Lower California farmer and manufacturer. 
These are secured without prejudice to his original citi- 
zenship if he prefers to retain that, and without obliging 
him. to assume any obligations other than to keep the 
peace and obey the laws. In an appendix will be found 
parts of the Mexican tariff on imports now in force, 
which will enable any one to see by what duties those 
setting up manufactures in Lower California can gain 
an advantage. 



U PENINSULAR CALIFORNIA. 

The transfer of titles when lands are sold differs 
somewhat in form from that in the United States, but 
is simple and easily effected. Land titles are formally- 
recorded in books of record, kept in record-offices, just as 
in the United States ; the titles of purchasers from the 
International Company in Lower Cahfornia being re- 
corded at Ensenada. Each State or Territory is subdi- 
vided into districts which are similar to our counties, 
and in each such district there is an estabhshed place of 
record. The original deed is placed on file in the record- 
office, and is signed by both the vendor and purchaser. 
In the case of transfers amounting to five hundred dol- 
lars or less, the purchaser sends his deed to the district 
land-office — Ensenada — with a letter requesting that it 
be placed on record, and that some one — naming him^ 
may act as his agent in seeing the paper recorded and 
procuring a certified copy of it. Where a larger amount 
is involved, the purchaser must appear in person, or by 
legally authorized substitute holding his power of at- 
torney, before the registrar to have the deed properly 
signed and recorded. Concerning transfer of land titles, 
mortgages, and wills, I am allowed to print a letter from 
Mr. Eomero, the Mexican minister to the United States, 
which I have placed at the end of this chapter. 

The purchaser of land from the International Com- 
pany gets full and complete possession of his land, and 
does not bind himself to any condition of residence or 
improvement unless the sale is made subject to such 
conditions. He may sell freely, and in case of death 
may devise by will just as freely as in the United States, 



RELATION OF SETTLERS TO GOVERNMENT, ETC. 75 

and the transfer to his heirs is made with no more for- 
malities or expense than in this country. If he should 
die intestate the Mexican law protects the rights of wid- 
ows and children. The following correspondence sets 
forth these matters in some detail : 

"Alpine, Beegen Co., N. J., Nov. 26, 1887. 

"Dear Mr. Romero, — When we were talking in your 
house, two weeks ago, about my long - entertained and 
at last realized desire to own land in Lower California, 
I asked you about the laws of inheritance in Mexico, 
and you very kindly said that if I would send you some 
questions on this and other matters pertaining to land 
ownership in your country, you would answer them. If 
it is not too much trouble, will you, therefore, kindly 
teU me, 

" 1. Whether transfer of land titles by sale or 
through inheritance is easily and securely made in 
Mexico ? 

"2. Whether the records of titles are so kept that 
encumbrances, such as mortgages, can be easily and 
securely ascertained from the record ? 

" 3. What, if any, are the legal hmits to the devise 
of lands by will ? 

" 4. Whether heirs under will or of an intestate have 
any more difficulty than with us in securing possession 
and good title to lands ? 

" 5 Whether foreclosure of mortgages on land is 
attended with any particular difficulty or expense other 
than with us ? 



76 PENINSULAR CALIFORNIA. 

" 6. Finally, whether in your judgment as a lawyer 
famihar with the land laws of your own country and 
of the United States, land titles are as secure, when well 
founded and duly recorded, and can be as readily and 
accurately traced as with us ? 

" I am yours, very truly, 

"Charles Nordhoff. 

" To H. E. M. RoMEEO, Minister of Mexico." 



Translation. 

" Washington, N'ov. 28, 1887. 

"Mr. Charles Nordhoff, New York: 

" My Esteemed Friend and Sir, — In answer to your ♦ 
letter of the 26th instant, in which you ask various 
questions in regard to the acquisition of lands, the trans- 
fer of the respective titles whether by way of purchase, 
by inheritance under a last will, or in intestacy, under 
the laws of Mexico, I reply that, as Mexico has a repub- 
hcan, popular, federal government, each State makes 
laws governing that which relates to such matters, and 
that in order to properly answer your questions, it would 
be necessary to refer to the special legislation of each 
State. But as your purpose seems to be to become ac- 
quainted principally with the regulations in such cases 
ruling in the Territory of Lower Cahfornia, I inform 
you that said territory is governed by the Civil Code 
which was promulgated on the 31st day of March, 1884, 
for the Federal District and the territory aforesaid. 

"Under this code (Article 3184) at every town where 



RELATION OF SETTLERS TO GOVERNMENT, ETC. 77 

there is a Judicial Court of First Instance, an office is 
established kno^vn as that of the Pubhc Registry. This 
Registry is di\aded (Article 3185) into four bureaus: 
the first, in which are registered deeds of conveyance 
of the title to real estate or of rights relating to realty, 
and various rights relating to mortgages charged upon 
such real estate ; the second the registry of mortgages ; 
the third the registry of leases, and the fourth the reg- 
istry of judgments. 

"All contracts and instruments *nfer vivos which 
transfer or affect the ownership, the possession, or the 
enjoyment of real estate or real rights imposed upon the 
same, must be recorded (3194) unless (8195) the prop- 
erty or rights do not exceed in value $500, in which case 
it is not necessary to record the same. 

"Such last wills as transfer the ownership of real 
estate or realty rights must also be registered (3197) 
after the death of the testator, and in case of intestacy 
(3198) the declaration made by the judge as to those 
who are the legitimate heirs and also the deed of parti- 
tion must be recorded. 

"Chapter III. of Title 23 of the Civil Code, Articles 
8208 to 3218, fix the details of the manner of record- 
ing. 

"As to estates, the Civil Code provides (3328) that 
every person shall have the right to freely dispose of 
his property, by way of inheritance or bequest, and that 
such right is not limited (3824) except by the obligation 
upon him to leave provision for the support of descend- 
ants, the wife or husband surviving, and ascendants, in 



78 PENINSULAR CALIFORNIA. 

conformity with the rules estabhshed under the same 
article. 

" In default of a last will, the code provides that the 
judge shall declare who are the heirs, and such decla- 
ration must be made in favor of the descendants, of the 
wife or husband surviving, and the ascendants and col- 
laterals, etc., in the order established in the same code. 

" I will add that, in my judgment, there are as many 
facilities to obtain the judicial acknowledgment of the 
rights of ownership in Mexico as there are in the United 
States, and so also as to collecting mortgages made on 
real estate; although the legislation of the two coun- 
tries is somewhat different on account of our following 
the provisions of the Eoman law and the United States 
those of the common law. 

" I am, sincerely and truly, 

" Your obedient servant, 

" M. EOMEEO." 



CHAPTER YI. 
LAND TITLES. 

A S there are no "public lands" in the northern part 
-^^ of the Peninsula, and settlers must deal with, and 
buy, and take title from, the International Company, the 
character and responsibility of this company, and the va- 
lidity of its charters and titles, are of course of the first 
importance to intending purchasers. As I stated in the 
preface, I made for my own satisfaction and security as 
a purchaser a careful examination of these things, and I 
give in some detail in this chapter the results of this in- 
vestigation. 

The International Company of Mexico exists under 
special charter from the State of Connecticut, recognized 
in its various grants and concessions by the Mexican 
Government; as in the formal "Certificate of title to 
lands owned between parallels 28° and 32° 42' in Lower 
Cahfomia," where it is designated as "The Mexican 
International Company of Hartford, Connecticut." The 
company is composed of a number of prominent and 
well-known business men of undisputed integrity and 
high character. Its capital is twenty million of dollars. 
Its responsibility, as well as the perfection of its conces- 
sions and titles, have been carefully examined by the 



80 PENINSULAR CALIFORNIA. 

company's fiscal agents here and in England. Mr. John 
W. Battem, a well-known Parliamentary barrister and 
railway director of London, personally inspected the 
country, and also the concessions made by the Mexican 
Government to the International Company, looking into 
all questions on which settlers and investors would desire 
full information, and upon his report the company's ex- 
tensive operations in Europe were first based. 

Captain George Clark Cheape, of County Fife in Scot- 
land, a capitalist and large land-owner in three Scottish 
counties, after a careful examination of the company's 
titles, made a journey to Lower California, and after an 
examination of the company's lands, became largely in- 
terested in them. 

The operations of the International Company of Mex- 
ico cover a very wide field, as it has grants in other parts 
of Mexico ; and its Lower California concessions and work 
form only a part of its enterprises. 

Besides its grants for surveying, occupying, and colo- 
nizing the northern part of the Peninsula of Lower Cali- 
fornia, it has extensive grants of lands in the Mexican 
States of Sonora, Sinaloa, and Chiapas, together with rail- 
road charters in these States. Chiapas, which is the most 
tropical and one of the least-known of the Mexican States, 
adjoining and bordering upon the republic of Guatema- 
la, is also, by the accounts of Mexican writers, one of the 
richest States of the republic in its natural products and 
its capacity to grow profitably coffee, sugar, India-rubber, 
and many other valuable tropical products. It needs a 
railroad to open it to settlement and commerce. 



LAND TITLES. 83 

The International Company holds a concession to 
build and operate a railroad in Lower California, to con- 
nect the Peninsula with the United States. The line of 
this railroad has already been surveyed, and will be found 
marked on the map which accompanies this volume. Its 
northerly connection will be, as shown on the map, with 
San Diego ; and this part of the line, to be built at once, 
will tap the various interior settlements now forming, as 
well as points at which gold and other minerals have 
been recently discovered. The easterly hne will cross the 
upper end of the Peninsula and pass through the States 
of Sonora and Chihuahua to El Paso. 

Under its concession for a railroad in Chiapas the 
company will build a hne from the Pacific port of San 
Benito to the Atlantic port of the Grijalba River. This 
will be a transcontinental hne. It will pass through the 
coffee lands and large untouched mahogany forests of 
Chiapas, and will tap also similar regions in neighboring 
Guatemala. The surveys of this line have been lately 
completed, and work on it has been commenced. 

The company further operates under a concession the 
guano islands of the Pacific and Gulf coasts of Mexico, 
especially in the Gulf of Cahfornia, where valuable phos- 
phate deposits are found. It has for some time past 
shipped, and is still shipping, about one thousand tons 
I)er month of this guano to Europe and to San Francisco, 
and employs in this work two steamers, several saihng- 
vessels, and about three hundred and fifty men. 

Its own steamers run regularly between San Diego 
and those Peninsular ports where settlements have been 
5 



84 PENINSULAR CALIFORNIA. 

formed, the connection between San Diego and Ensenada 
being tri-weekly, with a daily overland stage connection 
also. 

Its concessions or grants in Lower California were 
made on the condition of a complete and satisfactory 
survey of the region within their hmit. When tliis sur- 
vey was made and accepted by the Mexican Govern- 
ment, the company became thereby the owners of one- 
third of the vacant lands surveyed; and were entitled 
further to purchase the other two-thirds by a cash pay- 
ment at the price established by the Mexican Congress 
for pubhc lands. 

The required surveys in Lower California were begun 
at the stipulated time, completed and accepted by the 
Mexican Grovernment, and formally recorded in its De- 
partment of Works ; the cash payment, which, under the 
law, the company could have made in instalments, was 
made complete in one sum; and under date of "Mexi- 
co, October 20th, 1886," Mr. Pacheco, Minister of Pubhc 
Works, which is the equivalent of the Secretary of the 
Interior in the United States, certifies, " By direction of 
the President of the Eepubhc :" 

" That the titles of the property acquired by Messrs. 
Luis Huller & Co., whose Company has the name The 
International Company of Mexico (of Hartford), are per- 
fectly legal." 

He further certifies in the same document : 

" That the said Company have paid into the National 
Treasury the whole value [price] of said lands." 

He further adds : 



LAND TITLES. 85 

" The Company may sell to Enterprises or individuals 
the lands under consideration in this communication, as 
it is expressly stipulated in the Contract of 21st of July, 
1884, whether the purchasers are Mexicans or foreigners." 

That is to say, all the conditions on which the com- 
pany received its concessions, and holds in ownership its 
nearly sixteen million acres of land, are thus officially 
declared to have been fulfilled; the sole remaining obli- 
gation being to complete the settlement of the territory 
within ten years, in the proportion of one family to every 
6175 acres ; but the grant admits and recognizes that the 
settlers or colonists may be located at their own conven- 
ience, and not of necessity upon each separate section of 
land. It is required only that a certain population shall 
be settled within the limits of the company's grant. The 
language of the "Certificate of Title" from the Govern- 
ment to the company on this point is : 

"A number of famihes may be established in one 
place or town, for the intent of the law is for the estab- 
hshment of colonies, the number of families according to 
the extent of territory." 

The company has also, under its charter and grant, 
the right to purchase land held by private ownership 
within its hmits, and it has actually purchased the ma- 
jority of such private holdings. It gives its own warran- 
tee deeds, which are confirmed by the Mexican authori- 
ties and duly recorded in the public office at Ensenada. 

The following details in regard to the International 
Company's Lower California grants and concessions are 
here added as interesting to intending settlers : 



86 PENINSULAR CALIFORNIA. 

I. The concessions or grants were originally made by 
the President of Mexico, under the authority given him 
in a law of the Mexican Congress of December 15, 1883, 
known as the " Colonization Act." By this act the Pres- 
ident of the republic was authorized to make contracts 
with individuals and corporations for certain purposes, 
which are specified in the act. Article 24th of the Colo- 
nization Act is in these words : 

" The Executive may make contracts with companies 
for the introduction into the Republic of colonists and 
foreign immigrants and their settlement thereon, under 
the following conditions : 

" 1. The Companies must specify the exact period of 
time in which they are to introduce a certain number of 
colonists [ten years in the case of the International 
Company]. 

"2. Colonists or immigrants must be subject to the 
conditions established in Articles 5 and 6 of the present 
law." (Articles 5 and 6 require that all colonists shall 
get from the company a certificate that they are persons 
of good habits, and stating what occupation they have 
followed.) 

II. The Lower California grants under which the 
International Company holds are three in number, and 
were made to individual members of the International 
Company of Mexico, and by them legally and with the 
consent of the Mexican Government transferred to the 
company. The first, in the name of Adolf o BuUe, cov- 
ered the section between parallels 28° and 29°. The sec- 
ond, m the name of Telesforo Garcia, covered the right 



LAND TITLES. 87 

to survey the public lands between latitude 29° and the 
United States boundary on 32° 22', taking for this serv- 
ice one -third of the public lands surveyed. The third 
concession is in the name of Luis HuUer, and covers the 
right to purchase for cash the remaining pubhc lands 
from latitude 29° to the United States boundary. All 
these grants were, as has been said, in due legal form, 
and with the consent of the Mexican authorities, made 
over to the International Company of Mexico. 

III. The conditions on which the International Com- 
pany received and accepted its various grants covering 
Lower Cahfornia were these : 

1. That it should within a specified time file a bond 
in current funds with the Mexican Treasury Depart- 
ment, for the faithful and timely performance of its 
agreement. This was doiie. 

2. That it should proceed within a prescribed time to 
begin its sur\^eying operations. This it did. 

3. That the required surveys should be completed 
within another prescribed period. They were so completed. 

4. That all its surveys and reports should be verified 
and accepted in a legal and formal manner by the 
proper authorities, and all the data recorded in the Of- 
fice of Public Works in the City of Mexico (eqiiivalent 
to our Interior Department) withm a prescribed time. 
All this toas done. 

5. That a specified sum of money should be paid by 
the company into the Mexican Treasury, for the pur- 
chased lands, within a fixed period. This loas done. Fi- 
nally, 



88 PENINSULAR CALIFORNIA. 

6. That within ten years there should be settled 
within the territory granted it in Lower California, on 
the lands acquired, two thousand or more families as 
"colonists" — one hundred families to be settled within 
two years. Many more than one hundred families have 
been settled within the two years. 

IV. The Mexican Government, in making these con- 
cessions, stipulated, as is its invariable custom, that un- 
less the conditions of the grants should be fulfilled 
within the time fixed, the rights of the concessionaries 
should lapse and fail. If, therefore, the company had 
failed — 

1. To pay certain bonds into the Treasury as an evi- 
dence of good faith, or 

2. To begin its surveys within a specified time, or 

3. If it had failed to complete this field-work within 
the stipulated time, or 

4. If it had failed within the time limit to pay into 
the Mexican Treasury the cash sum required to com- 
plete the purchase of its lands — 

in case of any such failure the company's rights would 
have been forfeited. But as the Government's official 
certificates already quoted show that all the conditions 
were fulfilled as agreed, the company's titles are thus 
complete. 

V. There remains the final stipulation that the com- 
pany shall within two years settle one hundred families, 
which it has done, and within ten years two thousand 



LAND TITLES. 89 

families, which it will certainly and easily be able to do. 
But the Government declares in the contract with the 
company that if the company should fail in the latter 
act, the Grovernment will place the remaining families 
there by its own action ; but in this case distinctly agrees 
that such failure on the company's part shall not in any 
way touch, invalidate, or interfere with the titles of set- 
tlers who have bought lands of the company. 

Article 24th of " Contract made between General Car- 
los Pacheco, Secretary of Public Works, representing the 
Executive of the Union, and Sres. Luis HuUer & Com- 
pany (The International Company of Mexico), for colo- 
nizing vacant lands in Lower California and Isle de Ce- 
dros," declares : 

" If the colonization is not effected, even although the 
demarcation, description, apportionment of the lands, and 
drawing up of the plans is all done, the lands sold to the 
Enterprise shall revert to the Nation, which shall not 
have to make any restitution of what it may have re- 
ceived for them. In the case of a part of the lands hav- 
ing been colonized in conformity with the clauses of this 
contract, only those lands shall revert to the Nation that have 
not been colonized; neither the colonists established nor the 
Enterprise shall be disturbed on account of the propor- 
tion of the lands assigned to the former at the rate of 
2000 hectares [4940 acres] per family, inclusive of the 
land which may have been given to the colonists." 

It is thus certain that the company having fulfilled 
all its prehminary stipulations, and being authorized to 
sell to settlers of any nationality, and give deeds recog- 



90 PENINSULAR CALIFORNIA. 

nized and confirmed by the Mexican Government, any- 
possible future complications of the company with the 
Government cannot affect those who may have mean- 
time purchased lands. 

VI. The company's grants do not cover the whole of 
Lower California, as Mr. J. B. Hale has a very large 
grant in the southern part of the Peninsula, where he 
gathers orchilla. The Hale grant is a strip of land fif- 
teen miles wide from the sea-shore, between latitude 29° 
and 23°. Mr. G. Andrade has another grant of about 
800,000 acres of land lying in the valley of the Colorado 
River, which is the north-eastern boundary of the terri- 
tory. These grants do not trench upon or conflict with 
the International Company's territory. 

VII. The company's titles to its lands are officially 
recorded in the office of the Minister of Public Works, in 
the City of Mexico, and certified duplicate copies are on 
record in the town of Ensenada, which is the capital of 
the district of northern Lower California. 

VIII. The title-deeds given by the company to those 
who buy its lands are recorded in the proper office of 
record in Ensenada. 

IX. The title of the company being officially recog- 
nized as perfect, and its right to convey parts of its lands 
to others legal and complete, it remains only to add that 
when the company gives a deed, the purchaser and hold- 
er enters into full, unencumbered, and peaceable posses- 
sion of the land, without question or reservation of any 
kind — with only this possible exception : If a discovery 
of precious metals should be made by a third person on 



LAND TITLES. 91 

his land, as gold, silver, or other mineral in the form of 
a lode or vein, the discoverer could, under Mexican laws, 
take up a claim in about the same form as in the United 
States, but before working it would have to give security 
that he would not disturb growing crops or interfere 
in any way with the rightful use of the surface of the 
ground ; that he would not by his underground work 
imperil the surface, nor disturb any habitation, or inter- 
fere in any other way with the peaceable enjoyment by 
the owner of all his rights in the lands. If the mineral 
discovered should be coal, marble, or valuable stone, this 
belongs to the owner of the land. 



CHAPTER VII. 

THE MEXICAN GOVERNMENT AND THE COMPANY. 

TN the fall of 1887 certain opposition journals and pub- 
■^ lie men in the city of Mexico criticised President 
Diaz and his administration for his colonization policy, 
suggesting that it was not in consonance with the laws 
of Congress, and that it was not calculated to benefit the 
country. The concessions granted in Lower California 
to the International Company were, among others, at- 
tacked in this way. 

President Diaz at once caused the proper officers of 
the Government to answer in detail every objection 
which had been offered, and the reply, when completed, 
was published in a considerable pamphlet, of which I 
have a copy, and in which it is shown clearly : 

1. That the various colonization concessions have 
been made in strict and absolute conformity to the 
laws of Congress. 

2. That the concessionaries have been in every case 
held by the Government to a strict fulfilment of all the 
conditions. 

3. That the new land policy declared by the Congress 
during the administration of President Gonzalez, and 
carried into effect by President Diaz, has been of great 



THE MEXICAN GOVERNMENT AND THE COMPANY. 95 

benefit to Mexico, and was a change very much needed 
from a former ineffective and expensive system. 

Under the old system in force previous to the passage 
of the Colonization Act of December, 1883, the Govern- 
ment founded colonies and maintained them at its own 
cost and expense. These experiments were not success- 
ful ; but they cost the treasury large sums, as will be seen 
by the official returns for only a few years : 

^Statement of the Sums expended on the Colonies founded by the 
Government. 

Depaktment op Public Works, Colonization, Industry, 
AND Commerce, Section 6. Mexico, December 4, 1887. 

Fiscal Years. Sums Expended. 

1881 to 1882 $473,057 32 

1882 to 1883 725,178 70 

1883 to 1884 290,289 42 

1884 to 1885 41,104 76 

1885 to 1886 15,226 10 

1886 to 1887 41,567 75 

Caelos K. Ruiz, the Chief of the Section. 

The moderate expenditures since 1884 are for the con- 
tinued maintenance of Government colonies, which, as 
the report shows, are not progressing. 

Under the Colonization Act of 1883, this drain upon 
the Treasury, for in the most cases futile attempts, has 
ceased. Under the new system, the Government, as the 
report shows, is relieved even of the cost of surveys of 
its pubhc lands; and it receives money payment for 
so much of these lands as it grants to colonizing com- 
panies, these taking the risks of the enterprise and for- 
feiting all their expenditures and their unsold lands 



96 PENINSULAR CALIFORNIA. 

if they do not fulfil all the conditions, which include, of 
course, the settlement of people on these lands. 

Mr. Pacheco, the Minister of Hacienda, having recited 
all the various colonization laws adopted during sixty 
years, from 1823 to 1883, shows in detail how all except 
the last had failed, and why. He remarks that Mexico 
lived too long in isolation, to the impoverishment of her 
people and her government; he shows how the United 
States, AustraUa, and in more recent times the Argen- 
tine Republic, have prospered by a more liberal course, 
and says : 

"The isolation which was forced on us during the 
colonial period, keeping us estranged to all scientific and 
industrial progress of Europe, pauperized us to such a 
degree that our population and our governments have 
been at times in absolute indigence, and that in the pres- 
ence of a prodigality of natural resources. 

" The only perceptible prosperity now enjoyed by us, 
of which the gradual increase is incontestable, coincides 
exactly with the practice of a more liberal policy, which, 
by facilitating the entrance of foreign capital and labor, 
adds daily to the public wealth, brings funds to the 
Treasury, gives us credit abroad, raises us from day to 
day to a higher level of reputation, respectabihty, and 
power. It may be, therefore, taken as incontestable that 
the country needs to attract the aid of foreign labor and 
capital." 

Having thus discussed the policy of the Colonization 
Law of 1883, and the beneficent results flowing from it, 
Mr. Pacheco shows : 



THE MEXICAN GOVERNMENT AND THE COMPANY. 97 

1. That this, the latest law on the subject, superseded 
all others relating to colonization : 

"The law of 15th December, 1883, is the only law on 
colonization now in force, and in its Article 31 it abolish- 
es all preyious laws on the subject, in the following 
terms : 

"Article 31. All laws on colonization anterior to the 
present are abohshed." 

2. He proceeds to compare the acts of the Govern- 
ment under this law with the law itself ; and coming to 
the concessions made to the International Company in 
Lower California, he compares the contract of this com- 
pany with the law, article by article, proving at every 
step, by this close and accurate analysis, that the con- 
tract and concession were in fact drawn with remark- 
able care to follow in every detail the provisions of the 
Colonization Law. So far from having exceeded the 
law, he shows that the Government exacted everything 
the law required, and in its care for the pubhc interest 
took safeguards and required conditions not called for in 
the law, except by fair inference. He concludes in these 
words : 

"It is proved in the foregoing analysis that the con- 
tract made with the citizen Luis Huller is strictly with- 
in the prescriptions of the law, and if there is anything 
in the contract that is not contained in the law, it is the 
precautions that the Government has taken within its 
powers on behalf of the Nation and the colonists." 

He adds that it has thus " been clearly demonstrated 
that the Executive has walked step by step by the letter, 



98 PEXDsSULAE CALIFORXIA. 

and duly interpreted the spirit of the law in forming 
the stipulation of the two contracts with Huller and 
Bnlle, and has continued, but still improving them, the 
traditions of previous govern ments."' 

Finally, Mr. Pacheco shows that the Congi'ess had 
already discussed and scrut ini zed the question of the 
Lower California and other grants made under the law 
of 1883, and had by its express action sanctioned and 
approved all these acts of the Executive : 

'•'It is proper to recall here the report rendered by the 
undersigned to the National Representative Assembly 
on the 17th October, 1885, concer ni ng the proposition 
approved by that assembly that the Department of Pub- 
he Works should report on all the contracts that have 
been made for the demarcation and colonization of un- 
occupied lands from the 1st December, 1876, up to that 
date, in which number are included the contracts made 
with Messrs. Huller and Bulle, which I have just dis- 
cussed. That report gave origin to prolonged and lumi- 
nous debates, and, as soon as the propriety of ah the 
proceedings of the Grovemment was clearly shown, the 
Chamber of Deputies rejected the proposition that had 
been offered by some of its members for an addition to 
be made to the law of December 15th, 1883, forbidding 
the Executive to make any contract relating to unoccu- 
pied lands without previously submitting it to Congress 
for approval; thus sanctioning the course followed by 
the administration and disposing of the charges which 
were even then also being made against the Department 
of Pubhc Works of having exceeded the powers accorded 



THE MEXICAN GOVERNMENT AND THE COMPANY. 99 

to it by the law. The report to which I allude, together 
with justificatory documents, was printed by order of 
the Chamber on the 19th October of the same year and 
circulated in profusion." 

This official pubhcation of the Mexican Government 
of course settles all questions which could be raised as 
to the validity and legahty of the concessions and con- 
tracts it has made with the International Company. 

But it does much more than this. It exhibits the 
hberal and enlightened spirit which has now the lead 
in Mexican affairs, and no one can read Mr. Pachecos 
report without gaining full confidence in the settled and 
increasing prosperity of the repubhc. 

The "pohcy of isolation." which Mr. Pacheco con- 
demns, and which ceased when the Congress passed the 
Colonization Law of IS S3, was the most dangerous pohcy 
to Mexico. To exclude immigration or tolerate it only 
under intolerable conditions, forced foreigners to cast 
covetous eyes on the Mexican domain. It alone gave 
rise to constant schemes of annexation and revolution- 
ary separation. To forbid or make difficult and inse- 
cure the entry of capital and labor from without, neces- 
sarily united capital, labor, and enterprise in hostihty to 
Mexico, and led to schemes against the integrity of her 
territory. 

To welcome capital and labor and make both seom-e 
makes these her friends and allies, and unites them in a 
common interest with her. Hence the enlightened spuit 
which led the Congress to adopt the law of 1SS3. and 
which has led President Diaz and his administration to 



100 PENINSULAR CALIFORNIA. 

carry out with liberal zeal this act, is the best guaran- 
tee Mexico can have of a future secure against attempts 
upon her territory, and of additions to her population 
having mutual interests with her people, and sure under 
the force of such mutual interests to be true to her and 
to become a part of her people and her wealth. 



APPENDIX A. 

TAELES OF TEMPERATURE AND RAINFALL. 

Tempeeattjee observations cover only the short period since com- 
petent observers were at hand to record them — about two years ; and 
the following tables apply to the region of Todos Santos Bay. The 
interior valleys are hotter, the elevated mountain regions cooler. The 
rainfall varies also. In the mountain region it rains in midsummer as 
well as in winter, and the annual rainfall is greater than on the Pa- 
cific coast. I have been unable to secure complete daily returns for 
a whole year. In a new country observers are apt to be sent off to 
other work, and thus the records are incomplete. The reports I give 
show the greatest heat of the summer months and the lowest tem- 
pei-ature of the winter, with the daily variations. These are the facts 
which physicians and invalids most need. 



MEAN MONTHLY TEMPERATURE AT ENSENADA, OBSERVED DURING THE 
TWO YEARS (1886-88). 





7 a.m. 


8 p.m. 




January 


50.0° 


...62.4° 


February 


51.1 


...62.3 




March 


52.8 


. ..63.3 




April 


54.5 


...65.6 .... 




May 


58.6 


...68.2 




June 


62.5 


...71.6 .... 




July 


65.5 


...74.2 




August 


67.0 


...75.7 .... 




September 


63.7 


...74.5 




October 


64.7 


...74.5 




November 


54.5 


...67.7 .... 




December 


52.0 


...64.7 





11 P.M. 

.54.6° 

. 55.0 

.56.9 

.59.0 

.62.2 

.65.2 

.67.6 

.69.4 

.69.4 

.67.6 

.58.6 

.56.1 



104 APPENDIX A. 

The following are detailed daily 

RECORDS OF TEMPERATURE AT ENSENADA, LOWER CALIFORNIA, FOR THE 
MONTHS NAMED. JULY, 1887. 













Max. for Min. for Variation 


Date. 


8 a.m. 


12 m. 


4 P.M. 


24 hrs. 24 hrs, for 24 ire. 


July 11... 


..66°.. 


...71°.. 


69°... 


72° 64° 8° 




12.. . 


..65 ... 


...70 .. 


69 .. . 


70 62 8 




13... 


..66 ... 


...69 .. 


69 ... 


70 64 6 




14... 


..65 ... 


...68 .. 


66 ... 


69 64 5 




15... 


..64 ... 


...68 .. 


68 ... 


...70 62 8 




16 


..66 ... 


...71 .. 


66 ... 


. ..71 63 8 




17.... 


..68 ... 


...70 .. 


66 ... 


. ..72 63 9 




18 


..68 ... 


...73 .. 


....70 ... 


...74 64 10 




19.... 


..64 ... 


...74 .. 


. . ..74 ... 


75 62 13 




20... 


..65 ... 


...74 .. 


....74 ... 


...75 58 17 




21 


..67 ... 


...72 .. 


. ..74 ... 


...76 60 16 




22 


..68 ... 


...74 .. 


....73 ... 


. ..78 62 16 




23 


..69 ... 


...75 .. 


74 ... 


...78 63 15 




24.... 


..66 ... 


...72 .. 


68 ... 


. ..72 63 9 




25 


..68 ... 


...72 .. 


...70 ... 


. ..74 63 11 




26 


..65 ... 


...72 .. 


. . ..72 ... 


...74 62 12 




27.... 


..68 ... 


...75 .. 


... 74 ... 


.. .76 62 14 




28 


..69 ... 


...75 .. 


....73 ... 


. ..75 65 10 




29 


..72 ... 


...74 .. 


...70 ... 


...75 62 13 




30 


..65 ... 


...72 .. 


. ..72 ... 


. ..75 62 13 




31 


..68 ... 


...72 .. 


...70 ... 


...74 63 11 


RECORD OF 


TEMPERATURE AT 


ENSENADA, 


LOWER CALIFORNIA, AUGUST, 1887. 










Max. for Min. for Variation 


Date. 


8 a.m. 


12 m. 


4 p.m. 


24 hrs. 24 hrs. for 24 hrs. 


Aug. 1 


..65°... 


. ..73°.. 


. . . 70° . . . 


. ..73° 60° 13° 




2 


..65 ... 


. ..71 .. 


. ..69 ... 


. ..72 62 10 




3 


..62 ... 


...70 .. 


...70 ... 


...72 57 15 




4 


..60 ... 


...72 .. 


. ..70 ... 


...73 69 14 




5 


..65 ... 


. ..72 .. 


...70 ... 


...72 62 10 




6.... 


..64 ... 


. ..75 .. 


...74 ... 


. ..78 62 16 




7.... 


..65 ... 


. ..75 .. 


...74 ... 


. ..76 63 13 




8 


..66 ... 


. ..69 .. 


. ,.67 ... 


. ..70 62 8 




9 


..65 ... 


...70 .. 


. ..69 ... 


.. .72 62 10 




10 


..66 ... 


. ..74 .. 


. ..73 ... 


...75 65 10 . 



APPENDIX A. 105 



RECORD OF TEUPERATURE AT ENSENADA, LOWER CALIFORNIA, AUGUST, 1887 

C07tti7lU€d. 

Max. for llin. for Variation 

Date. 8 a.m. 12 m. 4 p.m. 21 Iirs. 24 brs. for 24 hrs. 

Aug. 11 68° 71° 70° 77° 64° 13° 

" 12 62 73 74 74 62 12 

■ " 13 64 70 69 71 63 8 

" 14 65 73 70 73 62 11 

" 15 65 73 70 75 64 10 

" 16 66 72 70 72 63 9 

" 17 65 70 69 70 59 11 

•' 18 67 72 70 73 63 10 

" 19 68 72 78 79 64 15 

" 20 69 74 79 79 67 12 

" 21 64 72 72 75 63 12 

" 22 66 75 75 76 63 13 

" 23 66 70 69 71 64 7 

" 24 67 76 70 71 65 6 

" 25 66 71 70 72 57 15 

" 26 67 72 69 73 59 14 

" 27 65 72 70 72 60 10 

" 28 65 72 70 73 57 16 

" 29 66 71 70 72 61 11 

" 30 68 72 71 72 62 10 

" 31 62 65 67 72 57 15 



TEMPERATURE AT ENSENADA FOR SEPTEMBER, 1887. 



Dale. 




Maximum. 


Minimum. 


Variation. 


Septeml 


ler 1 


72° 


60° 


12° 




2 


75 


62 


13 




3 


69 


60 


9 




4 


70 


61 


9 




5 

6 


71 

74 


62 


9 




56 


18 






78 


.58 


''0 




8 


73 


54 


19 




9 


71 


61 


10 




10 


71 


60 


11 




11 


70 


63 


7 



Rain. 



106 



APPENDIX A. 



TEMPERATURE AT ENSENADA FOR SEPTEMBER, 1881— Continued. 



Date. 




Maximum. 


Minimum. 


Variation. 




ptembei 


12. 
13. 


72°... 


64° 




. 8° 
. 7 






72 ... 


65 








14. 


74 ... 


65 




. 9 






15. 


70 .... 


60 




.10 






16. 


73 ... 


64 




. 9 






17. 


75 .... 


60 




.15 






18. 


74 ... 


63 




.11 






19. 


74 .... 


62 




.12 


. . . Eain. 




20. 


76 .... 


68 




. 8 






21. 


79 .... 


71 




. 8 






22. 


77 ... 


74 




. 3 


. . . Bain. 




23. 
24. 
25. 


72 


64 




. 8 

.10 
.10 






72 


62 








72 .... 


62 






26. 


72 .... 


62 




.10 






27. 


72 .... 


64 




. 8 






28. 
29. 


74 .... 

76 .... 


68 

66 




. 6 
.10 












30. 


76 .... 


64 




.12 






TEMPERATURE AT 


ENSENADA FOR OCTOBER 


, 1887. 




Date. 




Maximum. 




Minimum. 




Variation 


tober 1 




72° 




.66° 




... 6° 


" 2 




72 .... 




.62 

.64 




. . .10 


" 3 


72 




... 8 


" 4 




72 




.62 




...10 


" 5 




76 




.64 




...12 


" 6 




72 

72 




.64 




... 8 


" 1 


.64 




... 8 


" 8 




72 




.62 




...10 


9 




72 




.60 




...12 


" 10 




74 




.62 




...12 


« 11 




76 




.63 




...13 


" 12 




77 

77 




.64 .... 




. . .13 


" 13 


.64 




. ..13 


" 14 




78 




.65 




. ..13 


" 16 




76 




.64 




. ..12 



APPENDIX A. 107 





TEMPERATURE AT ENSENADA FOR 


OCTOBER, l8S1—Co>ilinue<l. 




Date. 






Maximum. 




Minimum. 


Variation. 


October 


16. 




...76° 




62° 


...14° 




17. 




...75 




62 


...13 




18. 
19. 
20. 




...76 




63 


. ..13 




.79 




65 


...14 






...92 




70 


...22 




21. 




...96 




70 


...26 




22 . 
23. 




...82 




58 

55 


. ..24 






...76 


...21 




24. 




...75 




54 


...21 




25. 




...82 




58 


...24 




26. 




...78 




....57 


...21 




27. 




...76 




50 


...26 




28. 
29. 




...88 




48 

60 


...40 






...89 


...29 




30. 




...80 




57 


...23 




31. 




...78 




48 


...30 






ENSENADA WEATHER 


REPORT 


FOR FEBRUARY, 1888. 




Date. 




8 a.m. 


12 .M. 


4P.JI. 


Maximum. Minimum. 


Range. 


Feb. 1. 




..51°.. 


61° 


..60°.. 


62° 48° 


...14° 


" 2. 




..52 .. 


60 


...60 .. 


62 49 


...13 


" 3. 




. .53 .. 


62 .... 


...61 .. 


63 50 


...13 


" 4. 




..54 .. 


64 


..62 .. 


64 51 


...13 


" 5. 




..55 .. 


65 


...64 .. 


66 54 


...12 


" 6. 




..55 .. 


66 


...65 .. 


68 54 


...14 


" 7. 




..60 . 


64 .... 


...62 .. 


64 47 


...17 


" 8. 




..60 . 


63 


...61 .. 


63 46 


...17 


" 9. 




..60 . 


63 


...62 .. 


64 50 


...14 


" 10. 




..61 . 


64 .... 


...63 .. 


64 53 


. ..11 


" 11. 




..62 . 


63 


...62 .. 


63 55 


. .. 8 


" 12. 




..63 . 


64 


...62 .. 


64 56 


...8 


" 13 




. .60 . 


63 

63 


...61 .. 
...60 .. 


64 57 

63 57 


... 7 


" 14. 




..61 . 


... 6 


" 15. 




..60 . 


63 


...62 .. 


64 55 


... 9 


" 16 




..61 . 
..60 . 


03 

62 


62 . 


... 63 . . 53 


.. .10 


" 17. 


...01 .. 


62 45 


...17 


" 18. 




..60 . 


62 


...61 .. 


63 44 .... 


...19 



108 APPENDIX A. 

ENSENADA WEATHER REPORT FOR FEBRUARY, 18S8— Continued. 



Date. 


8 a.m. 


12 m. 


4 p.m. 


Maximum. 


Minimum. 


Rang 


eb. 19. 


57° 


.65° 


...62°... 


67°.. 


46° 


.21 


" 20. 


56 


.66 


...63 ... 


66 .. 


45 


.21 


" 21. 


58 


.66 


...64 ... 


68 .. 


46 


.22 


" 22. 


58 


.67 .... 


...67 ... 


....70 .. 


48 


.22 


" 23. 


57 


.69 


...65 ... 


....70 .. 


50 


.20 


" 24. 


60 


.73 .... 


...69 ... 


....73 .. 


50 


.23 


" 25. 


60 


.74 .... 


...67 ... 


....74 .. 


51 


.23 


" 26. 


61 


.71 .... 


...68 ... 


....72 .. 


50 


.22 


" 27. 
" 28. 


60 

60 


.68 


...68 ... 


....70 .. 
65 .. 


49 

45 


9,1 


.65 


...60 ... 


.20 


' 29. 


55 


.62 .... 


...60 ... 


....63 .. 


44 


.19 




Highest temperature for month . . . . 




. . . 74°. 






Lowest temperature for month 




...44°. 






Variation for w 
Average daily \ 
Rainfall during 


onth . . . 






. . 30°. 












. . 15.7°. 






month of 


February, 


29th 


.78 inches. 






Season's rainfall to date . 






. . 8.71 " 















ENSENADA WEATHER REPORT FOR MARCH, 1888. 
Date. 8 a.m. 12 m. 4 p.m. Maximum. Minimum, Rang 

March 1 49° 57° 56° 58° 40° 18° 

2 50 59 57 60 42 18 

3 50 68 58 60 46 14 

4 55 60 58 60 48 12 

5 54 61 57 61 44 17 

6 53 60 58 ..60 45 15 

7 54 60 55 61 52 9 

8 65 59 55 60 50 10 

9 55 60 56 61 51 10 

10 54 61 67 61 48 13 

11 56 60 58 61 47 14 

12 65 62 69 62 46 16 

13 54 60 69 60 45 16 

14 53 62 60 62 47 15 

15 56 62 61 63 48 15 

16 56 67 67 69 50 19 



APPENDIX A. 109 



ENSENADA WEATHER REPORT FOR MARCH, 1888— Co7iHmted. 
Date. 8 A.M. 12 M. 4 p.m. 

March 17 55° 68° 63° 



" 18 57 67 68 

" 19 58 69 67 

" 20 55 67 65 

'< 21 54 65 65 

" 22 55 64 63 

" 23 57 62 61 

" 24 56 62 61 

" 25 57 61 60 

" 26 55 60 57 

" 27 55 64 63 

" 28 54 67 64 

" 29 60 68 68 

" 30 61 67 66 

" 31 63 67 65 68 50 



Maximum. 


Minimum. 


Range. 


70°... 


51°... 


...19° 


70 ... 


49 ... 


...21 


70 ... 


50 ... 


...20 


67 ... 


49 ... 


...18 


67 ... 


48 ... 


. ..10 


64 ... 


52 ... 


...12 


63 ... 


51 ... 


...12 


62 ... 


53 ... 


... 9 


61 ... 


54 ... 


... 7 


60 ... 


53 ... 


... 7 


65 ... 


44 ... 


...21 


67 ... 


48 ... 


...19 


70 ... 


46 ... 


. ..24 


67 ... 


49 ... 


.. .18 



Highest temperature for month 70°. 

Lowest temperature for month 40°. 

Variation for month 30 . 

Average daily variation 15.3 . 

Rainfall during month of March, 1st 65 inches. 

" " " 3d 80 " 

" 4th 02 " 

" " " 7th 70 " 

" " " 8th 25 " 

" " " 24th 10 " 

" " " 25th 35 " 

" " " 26th 06 " 

27th 42 " 

Total rainfall for month 3.35 " 

Previously reported 8.71 " 

Season's rainfall to date 1 2.06 " 

I append here some tables of temperature, taken from Dr. Ben- 
nett's work, "Winter and Spring in the Mediterranean," and also 
some taken from my own book, " California : For Health, Pleasure, 
and Eesidence." They may serve for comparison with the Ense- 
nada reports. 



110 



APPENDIX A. 



Observers of climate in different parts of the world ought to settle 
upon some one definite system for recording their observations. Until 
this is done comparisons will be made with difficulty. Still, persons 
interested in chmate may with a little trouble study out in these 
tables the facts they need. 



TEMPERATURE AT MENTONE FOR FIFTEEN WINTERS, 1859 


-74. (Dr. 


Bennett.) 


Date. 


Min. 


Max. 


Date. 


Min. 


Max. 


November, 18 


59 54.4° 


...61.4° 


December, 1859. . 


..44.8° 


...55.6 


18 


30 49.5 


...60.9 


I860.. 


..44.3 


...59.2 


18 


31 47.7 


...60.3 


" 1861.. 


..43.4 


...54.8 


18 


32 50.2 


...61.2 


1862.. 


..42.6 


...54. 


" 18 


33 50.5 


...63. 


1863.. 


. .44.3 


...51.7 


18 


34 48. 


...60.8 


" 1864.. 


..44.2 


. ..56.2 


18 


35 50.8 


...60.3 


" 1865.. 


..43.6 


. . .54.5 


" 18 


36 50. 


. ..62.3 


1866.. 


..45.7 


...55.7 


18 


37.... 47.9 


...62.2 


" 1867.. 


..41.6 


. . .55.3 


" 18 


38 46. 


. ..56.5 


" 1868.. 


..48.8 


...58.7 


18 


39 46.6 


....59. 


" 1869.. 


..43.3 


...54.7 


18 


70 48.5 


...59.4 


1870.. 


..42. 


...52.1 


" 18 


n 48. 


...57.6 


« 1871.. 


..39.7 


...50.3 


18 


72 51. 


...60.8 


1873.. 


..48. 


...56.7 


18 


73 48.8 


...56.3 


1873.. 


..47.1 


. ..56.7 


January, 1860 


44.8 


...52.8 


February, 1860... 


..40. 


...55.9 


1861 


45.1 


...52.4 


" 1861... 


..46.7 


...52.9 


1862 


43.2 


...50.7 


1862... 


..41.9 


...55.8 


" 1863 


43.2 


...52.4 


" 1863... 


..42.3 


...54.1 


1864 


38.2 


...48.7 


1864... 


..41.9 


.. .53.6 


1865 


43. 


...55. 


1865... 


..40.1 


... 54. 


" 1866 


43.8 


...55.3 


" 1866... 


..46.5 


...61.1 


" iseT" 


43.8 


...54.1 


" 1867... 


..45.4 


...56.9 


1868 


42.3 


.. .53.5 


" 1868... 


..45. 


...56.7 


1869 


41.5 


...53.3 


» 1869... 


..46.6 


...58.3 


ISTO 


40.7 


. ..53.2 


1870... 


..43.4 


. ..55.4 


1871 


40.2 


...51.6 


" 1871... 


..43.3 


...55.9 


1872 


44.5 


. ..55.3 


« 1872... 


..46.1 


...57. 


1873 


44.7 


...54.5 


1873... 


..41.3 


...53.8 


" 1874 


43.4 


...52.9 


" 1874... 


..43. 


.. .54.6 



APPENDIX A. 



Ill 



TEMPERATURE AT MENTONE FOR FIFTEEN WINTERS, \S50-14—Contimtcd. 
Dnto. MIn. Max. Date. Min. Max. 

.67.5° 
.66.9 



0. 


Min. 




I860.. 


..44.9° 


1861.. 


..44.4 




1862.. 


..46.7 




1863.. 


..45.4 




1864.. 


..45.4 




1865.. 


..40.5 




1866.. 


..44. 




1867.. 


..47.2 




1868.. 


. .45.2 




1869.. 


. .41.5 




1870.. 


. .44.4 




1871.. 


..47.5 




1872.. 


..47.9 




1873.. 


..48.5 




1874.. 


..46. 





Max. 


Date. 


.59.8° 


April, I860.. 


.58.9 


" 1861.. 


.61.9 


" 1862.. 


.58.9 


" 1863.. 


.62. 


" 1864.. 


.57.3 


" 1865.. 


.60.6 


" 1866.. 


.62.4 


" 1867.. 


.59. 


" 1868.. 


.56.7 


" 1869.. 


.58.7 


" 1870.. 


.61. 


" 1871.. 


.60.8 


" 1872.. 


.61.2 


" 1873.. 



..56.7 



Min. 
..51.2° 
..49.8 
..51.2 
..50.9 
..51.8 
..55.1 
..49. 
..51.4 
..49.5 
..48.9 
..49.1 
..51.3 
..51.8 
..49.8 
1874 51.3 



.68.5 
.67. 



..66.9 

..68.4 

..66.3 

..69.1 

..65.7 

..67.4 

..68.5 

..60. 

..60.5 



NILE AND MENTONE TEMPERATURES COMPARED BY DR. BENNETT. 





JIINIMUM. 1 




MAXIMUM. 




Jastary. 


FEBRrART. 




January. 


Febeuary. 




Xilo. Ment 


Nile. Ment. 




Nile. Ment, 


Nile. Ment. 


1.. 


..38° 46°. 


..44° 41° 


1.. 


.67° 53°. 


..73°.... 56= 


2 . . 


..39 48 . 


..43 43 


2.. 


.65 57 . 


..74 56 


3.. 


..42 50 . 


..47 ....37 


3.. 


.65 57 . 


..83 ....50 


4.. 


..45 52 . 


..49 38 


4.. 


.73 58 . 


. . 85 50 


5. . 


..44 52 . 


..44 36 


5.. 


.76 60 . 


. . 80 50 


6.. 


..39 51 . 


..42 38 


6.. 


.75 57 . 


. . 85 54 


7. . 


..40 47 . 


..50 40 


7.. 


.77 63 . 


. .67 56 


8.. 


..39 43 . 


..48 40 


8.. 


.75 51 . 


. .66 56 


9.. 


..43 ....43 . 


..50 37 


9.. 


.82 49 . 


..68 56 


10.. 


..45 43 . 


..40 42 


10.. 


.70 52 . 


..64 57 


11.. 


..44 48 . 


..38 43 


11.. 


.69 53 . 


. .75 56 


12.. 


..41 ....48 . 


..43 41 


12.. 


.75 52 . 


..77 55 


13.. 


..43 43 . 


..44 38 


13.. 


.76 ....50 . 


. .80 53 


14.. 


..43 43 . 


..43 39 


14.. 


.79 51 . 


..81 55 


15.. 


..44 46 . 


..42 ....38 


15.. 


.66 54 . 


..84 57 


16.. 


. .43 43 . 


..50 39 


16.. 


.70 51 . 


..86 ....57 


17.. 


..51 42 . 


..50 .. ..42 


17.. 


.77 ....53 . 


..88 55 



112 



APPENDIX A. 



NILE 


AND 


MENTONE 

MINIMUM. 


TEMPERATU] 




Jancaet. 


February. 




Nile. 


Ment. 


Nile. Ment. 


18... 


.49° 


...45°.. . 


.55° 39° 


19... 


.44 


...45 ... 


.40 39 


20... 


.45 


...47 ... 


.40 38 


21... 


.45 


. ..45 ... 


.50 37 


22. . . 


.45 . 


...45 ... 


.45 42 


23.. . 


.51 


... 44 ... 


.50 .. ..40 


24... 


.50 . 


...40 ... 


.40 40 


25.. . 


.50 


...43 ... 


.40 42 


26.. . 


.51 


...40 ... 


.49 42 


27... 


.48 . 


...40 ... 


.48 42 


28.. . 


.46 . 


...42 ... 


.40 43 


29... 


.45 . 


...41 ... 


.49 44 


30... 


.51 . 


...41 ... 


.— — 


31... 


.42 . 


...42 ... 


. — — 



COMPARED BY DR. BENWETT!— Continued. 





MAXIMUM. 




January. 


February. 




Nile. Ment. 


Nile. Ment. 


18.. 


..73° 53°. 


. .90° 55° 


19.. 


..67 53 . 


..66 57 


20.. 


..73 50 . 


..70 55 


21.. 


..73 ....51 . 


..74 .. ..54 


22.. 


..76 53 . 


..77 ....57 


23.. 


..75 48 . 


..74 55 


24.. 


..75 50 . 


..79 ....57 


25.. 


..78 49 . 


..80 58 


26.. 


..82 50 . 


..74 ....57 


27.. 


..75 49 . 


..65 55 


28.. 


..71 ....51 . 


..65 61 


29.. 


..76 ....61 . 


..66 ....62 


30.. 


..75 48 . 


..— — 


31.. 


..82 52 . 


. . — . . . . — 



MEAN MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE IN THE SHADE ON THE NILE, AND AT MA- 
DEIRA, MALAGA, AND MENTONE, IN JANUARY AND FEBRUARY, 1860. 

January. February. 

Nile 72° 75° 

Madeira 66 67 

Malaga 58 58 

Mentone 52.8 55.9 

Dr. Bennett. 



VARIOUS FOREIGN CLIMATES (FROM DR. BENNETT). 



MEAN TEMPERATURE OF MONTHS. 



Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May June. July. Aug. 



Oct. Nov. Dec. 



Cairo 

Madeira 

St. Michael's (Azores) 

Naples 

Mentone 

Rome 

Nice 

Florence 

Avignon 

Montpelier 

Pau 



58.10 
59.71 
59.00 
46.50 
02 
47.65 
45.85 
41.00 
43.00 
43.00 
41.30 



56.12 
60.28 
59.00 
48.50 
48.05 
49.45 
49.00 
45.00 
43.50 
45.00 
43.60 



,58 77, 
,86 63 
,50 61, 
00,57 
OOI57 
05156, 
45 57. 



85.83 
70.04 
68.00 
75.00 
75.00 
73.30 
73.59 
77.00 
76.00 
73.00 
70.60 



79.16 
71.28 
68.00 
73.50 
69.00 
69.50 
69.35 
70.00 
67.00 
71.00 
67.40 



63.96 
63.96 
56.00 
54.50 
54.00 
58.80 
53.70 
53.00 
50.00 
53.00 
46.60 



61.34 
61.44 
55.60 
50.50 
49.00 
49.63 
48.60 
47.00 
43.30 
46.00 
42.80 



APPENDIX A. 



113 



TEMPERATURE AT AIKEN, SOUTH CAROLINA, TAKEN AT 9 A.M., 12 M., AND 3A P.M., 
FOR DECEMBER, 1870. 



Average temperature 45° 

" difEerence of wet and dry- 
bulb 4° 

Maximum 61° 

Minimum 18° 

Bright sunshine 15 days. 

Sunshine and clouds.. .... 6 " 

Cloudy all day 10 " 

Total 31 days. 

Rain on four of the above cloudy 

days. 
Snow on one of the above cloudy 

days. 
Strong wind, eight days. 



J.UIUART, 1871. 

Average temperature 55° 

" difference of wet and dry 

bulb 6° 

Maximum 69° 

Minimum 33° 

Bright sunshine 14 days. 

Sunshine and clouds .... 10 " 
Cloudy all day 7 " 

Total 31 days. 

Rain on three of the above cloudy 

days. 
Strong wind, eight days. 



TAKEN AT 9 A.M., 12 M., AND 5 P.M., FOR 
FEBRUjVRY, 1871. 

Average temperature 57 J° 

" difEerence of wet and dry 

bulb 5" 

Maximum 80° 

Minimum 38° 

Bright sunshine 12 days. 

Sunshine and clouds .... 6 " 
Cloudy all day 10 " 

Total 28 days. 

Rain on seven of the above cloudy 

days 
Strong wind, sixteen days. 



MARCH, 1871. 

Average temperature 65° 

" difference of wet and dry 

bulb 7^° 

Maximum 85° 

Minimum 43° 

Bright sunshine 17 days. 

Sunshine and clouds .... 5 " 
Cloudy all day 9 " 

Total 31 days. 

Rain on six of the above cloudy 

days. 
Strong wind, ten days. 



114 



APPENDIX A. 



TEMPERATURE AT SAN BERNARDINO, CALIFORNIA, TAKEN AT 9 A.M., 12 M., AND 
5 P.M., NOVEMBER, 1871. 



WET 


DRY 


DIFFKK- 








BULB. 


BULB. 


ENCE. 


WIND. 


EEJIAKKa. 


DATE. 


53° 


70° 


17° 


S. Light. 


Bright sunshine. 


Nov. 8, 1871. 


50 


63 


13 


S.E. " 


" " 


" 9, " 


54 


67 , 


13 


S.E. Very light. 


" " 


" 10, " 


50 


54 


4 


E. 


( Clouds and rain from 1 p.m. ) 
1 till 8 P.M. \ 


" 11, " 


56 


68 


13 


8. Light. 


Bright sunshine. 


" 13, " 


50 


63 


13 


S.W. Light. 


" ' 




" 13, " 


53 


64 


13 


S.W. " 


" 




" 14, " 


50 


64 


14 


S. Very light. 


" 




" 15, " 


53 


66 


14 


S. " " 


" • 




" 16, " 


50 


67 


11 


W. Light. 


" ' 




" 17, " 


50 


64 


14 


W. " 


" ' 




" 18, " 


57 


65 


8 


S.W. Very light. 


" ' 




" 19, •■ 


55 


68 


13 


N. Strong. 


" ' 




" 20, " 


51 


68 


17 


S. Light. 


" ' 




" 31, " 


61 


78 


17 


N.E. Strong. 


" ' 




" 33, " 


57 


70 


13 


8. Light. 


" ' 




" 33, " 


55 


65 


10 


8. " 


" ' 




" 34, " 










{ Sunshine and clouds, a light ) 




56 


60 


4 


S. " 


< shower fifteen minutes, y 
( and rain at night. ) 


" 35, " 


57 


61 


4 


W. Strong. 


Cloudy and rain from 3 p.m. 


" 26, " 


56 


60 


4 


W. Light. 


j Showery until 1 p.m., then ) 
( sunshine. f 


" 37, " 


50 


56 


6 


W. Very light. 


Sunshine and clouds. 


" 28, " 


50 


56 


6 


N. Light. 


" " 


" 29, " 


46 


59 


13 


N. Strong. 


Bright suns 


hine. 


" 30, " 



251=11°. Difference between wet and dry bulb. 
1469=64°. Average temperature. 
Maximum, 79°; minimum, 45°. 



DECEMBER, 1871. 



61 


13 


58 


10 


63 


10 


67 


15 


71 


16 


69 


13 


67 


15 


67 


16 


67 


16 


64 


14 


68 


17 


68 


14 


67 


16 


63 


11 


67 


14 


58 


5 


55 


2 


65 


10 



N. Very light. 
8. " •' 
N.E. Very light. 

N. 

N.W. Light. 

S.W. Very light. 

N.W. Strong. 

8. Light. 

N.W. Light. 

N.W. 

N. Light. 

N.E. Very strong 

N.E. Strong. 

N.E. Very light. 

S. Very light. 

S. " " 

B. Light. 
8. Very light. 



Bright sunshine. 



Sunshine and clouds. 

Bright sunshine. 
J Sunshine and clouds, and | 
( rain at night. \ 

Sunshine and clouds. 

Bright sunshine. 



Dec. 1, 

3, 

3, 

4, 

5, 

6, 

7, 

8, 

9, 

10, 

H, 

13, 

13, 

14, 

15, 



17, 
18, 



APPENDIX A. 



115 



DECEMBER— Conthmcd. 



WCT 


DRV 


DIFFKK- 






REMARKS. 


DATE. 


BULH. 


BULIl. 


ESCE. 




■ 






54° 


63° 


9° 


S. 


Very light. 


Bright sunshine. Dec. 19, 1871. 


55 


66 


11 


S. 




" " 


' 20 






54 


56 


2 


s. 


Strong. 


Rain all day. 


' 21 






48 


53 


4 


E. 


Light. 


Sunshine and clouds. 


' 22 






49 


51 


2 


s. 


" 


Rain until 3 p.m. 


' 23 






54 


54 





s. 


Very light. 


Rain all day. 


' 24 






55 


58 


3 


s. 




Sunshine and clouds. 


' 25 






54 


59 


4 


s. 






' 26 






52 


56 


4 


s. 


" " 


" " 


' 27 






56 


57 


1 


s. 


Strong. 


Rain until 1 p.m. 


' 28 






55 


57 


2 


s. 


Very light. 


Cloudy all day. 


' 29 






53 


56 


3 


s. 


" " 


Sunshine and clouds. 


' 30 






56 


57 


1 


N.E. " 


Rain all day. '■ 


' 31 







273=84°. Difference between wet and dry bulb. 
1899=61J°. Average temperature. 
Maximum, 80°; minimum, 43°. 



JANUARY, 1872. 



53 


2 


55 


4 


56 


5 


57 


9 


56 


7 


59 


7 


56 


6 


58 


7 


56 


3 


59 


4 


60 


7 


60 


6 


61 


8 


65 


7 


65 


7 


65 


7 


62 


8 


63 


7 


60 


9 


60 


6 


61 


9 


60 


7 


59 


8 


60 


10 


59 


10 


53 


9 


55 


8 


56 


7 


55 


7 


56 


7 


56 


3 



S. Very light. 

w. ■■ 

S. •' 

N. Strong. 

N. Light. 

N.E. Light. 

S. Light. 

S. 

N. Strong. 

N. Light. 

N. Strong. 

S.W. Light. 

S.W. 

S.W. Very light. 

S.W. " 

S.W. " 

N. Strong. 

N. Light. 

N. Very strong. 

N. Strong. 

S.W. Light. 

S.W. 

S.AV. 

N. Very strong. 

N.E. Strong. 

S. Light. 

S. 

S. 

S. 

S.W. " 

S. Very light. 



Cloudy most of the day. 
Bright sunshine. 
Sunshine and clouds. 
Bright sunshine. 

Sunshine and clouds. 

Cloudy all day. 
Rain all day. 
Sunshine and clouds. 
Bright sunshine. 



Cloudy nil day. 
Sunshine and clouds. 

Bright sunshine. 



Cloudy all day. 



IJan. 1, 1873. 



210=:6J°. Difference between wet and dry bulb. 
1798=58°. Average temperature. 
Maximum, 67'; minimum, 38°. 



116 



APPENDIX A, 



FEBRUARY, 18'72. 



WHT 


DRY 


DIFPEK- 










BOLD. 


ENCE. 


WIND. 


REMARKS. 


DATE. 


51° 


54° 


3° 


S. Very light. 


Sunshine and clouds. 


Feb. 1, 1873. 


54 


60 


6 


S. " " 


Cloudy all day. 


" 3, " 


56 


60 


4 


S. " 


Bright sunshine. 


" 3, " 


44 


57 


3 


S. '■ 


Sunshine and clouds. 


" 4, " 


48 


61 


13 


N". Strong. 


Bright sunshine. 


■' 5, " 


48 


63 


15 


N.E. Very light. 


" " 


" 6, " 


51 


63 


12 


N. 


" " 


" 7, " 


53 


64 


11 


W. 


" " 


" 8, " 


54 


59 


5 


S.W. Light. 


Sunshine and clouds. 


" 9, " 


55 


64 


9 


S.W. Very light. 


Bright sunshine. 


" 10, " 


55 


61 


6 


S.W. Light. 




" 11, " 


54 


61 


7 


S.W. 


" " 


" 13, " 


53 


66 


13 


N.E. 




" 18, ■' 


55 


67 


13 


S.W. 


" " 


" 14, " 


55 


67 


12 


S.W. Very light. 


" " 


" 15, '■ 


57 


68 


11 


S.W. Light. 


" " 


" 16, " 


60 


73 


13 


S.W. Very light. 


" " 


" 17, " 


61 


74 


13 


S.W. Light. 




" 18, " 


55 


67 


13 


N. Strong. 


" 


" 19, " 


56 


74 


18 


N.W. Light. 


" " 


" 20, " 


56 


69 


13 


S.W. 


" " 


" 21, " 


51 


53 


3 


s. 


j Rain till 13 m., then sunshine ) 
( and clouds. ) 


" 33, " 


53 


60 


7 


S.W. 


Bright sunshine. 


" 33, ■' 


48 


51 


3 


S.W. Strong. 


Rain most of the day. 


" 34, " 


48 


53 


5 


S.W. Light. 


Sunshine and clouds. 


" 35, " 


50 


56 


6 


S.W. 


Bright sunshine. 


" 36, " 


51 


58 


7 


S.W.' " 


Sunshine and clouds. 


" 37, " 


46 


52 


6 


S.W. 


" " 


" 38, ■• 


48 


59 


11 


N. Strong. 


Bright sunshine. 


" 39, " 



357=8". Difference between wet and dry bulb. 
1793=63. Average temperature. 
Maximum, 81°; minimum, 47°. 



MARCH, 1872. 



64 


10 


67 


13 


71 


13 


71 


10 


59 


4 


56 


5 


63 


7 


63 


9 


60 


6 


70 


9 


68 


9 


60 


8 


63 


10 


63 


7 


69 


5 


59 


7 


64 


13 


70 


7 



W. Light. 

W. Very light. 

E. 

W. " 

W. Light. 

S.W. " 

W. 

W. Strong. 

W. 

S. Light. 

S.W. Very light. 

S.W. Light. 

N. 

S. 

S.W. 

S.W. 

W. Very light. 

S. Light. 



Bright sunshine. 


Mar. 1, 1873. 


" " 


" 3, " 


" " 


" 3, " 


" " 


" 4, '■ 


Sunshine and clouds. 


" 5, " 


Bright sunshine. 


" 6, " 


" " 


" 7, " 


" " 


" 8, " 


" " 


" 9, ■' 


" " 


" 10, " 


" " 


" 11, " 


" " 


" 13, '■ 


■ 1 .< 


" 13, " 


" " 


" 14, " 


" " 


" 15, " 


" " 


" 16, " 


" " 


" 17, '■ 


tt tt 


, " 18, " 



APPENDIX A. 



117 



MARCH, 1812— Continued. 



WET 


DRY 


DIFFER- 








BULB. 


BULB. 




WIND. 


RKUARRS. 


DATE. 


55° 


61° 


6° 


S. Light. 


Bright sunshine. Mar. 19, 1872. 


54 


62 


8 


W. Very light. 




' 20, " 


56 


63 


7 


S.W. Light. 


" " 


' 31, " 


57 


62 


5 


S.E. Strong. 


" " 


* 22, " 


56 


63 


7 


S.W. " 


Sunshine and clouds. 


' 23, " 


55 


63 


8 


S. Light. 


Bright sunshine. 


' 24, " 


57 


64 


7 


N.W. Strong. 


" " 


' 25, " 


58 


66 


8 


W. Light. 


" " 


' 26, " 


60 


68 


8 


w. •• 


" " 


' 27, " 


55 


62 


7 


W. 


" " 


■ 28, " 


56 


62 


6 


S.W. Very light. 




' 29, ■• 


57 


65 


8 


S.W. Liglit. 


" " 


' 30, " 


57 


67 


10 


W. Strong. 


" " 


• 31, " 



244=7J°. Difference between wet and dry bulb. 
1985=64. Average temperature. 
Maximum, 80°; rninimum, 51°. 



SANTA BARBARA. 

I take the following table of mean temperature for the year from 
the Santa BarJxcra Press : 

MONTHLY MEAN, 1870-1. 



April, average of 3 daily observations 60.62° 


Oct., average of 3 daily observations 65.96 


May, '■ • " " 62.35 


Nov., " 


61.22 


June, " '■ " 65.14 


Dec, 


52.13 


July, ■' " " 71.49 


Jan., " " ' 


54.51 


Aug., " " " 72.12 


Feb., 


53.35 


Sept., " " " 68.08 


March, " " ' 


58.43 


Average temperatur 


3 for the year, 60.20°. 




COLDEST DAT. 


WARMEST DAT. 




April 12th, 00°. 


April 16th, 74°. 




May 15th. 66°. 


May 23d, 77°. 




June 1st, 69°. 


June 3d, 80°. 




July 26th, 76°. 


July 11th, 84°. 




Auiiust 11th, 77°. 


August 8th, 86°. 




September 23d, 66°. 


September 27th. 90° 




October 23d, 60°. 


October 20tli, 92°. 




November 7th, 64°. 


November 20th, 87° 




December loth, 52°. 


December 28tli, 71° 




January lltli, 56°. 


January 3d, 76°. 




February 22d. 42°. 


February 28lh, 71°. 




March 13th, 56°. 


March 27th, 83°. 





Coldest day in the year, February 22d, 43°. 
Warmest clay in the year, October 20tli, 93°, 
Variation, 50°. 



APPENDIX B. 

THE TIMBER REGION OF THE PENINSULA. 
From the Ensenada '■'■Lower Californian." 

THE SAN PEDBO MARTIR PINE REGION. 

From Col. D. K. Allen's notes in his report to the International 
Company, we are permitted to take the following figures relating to 
the pine region of San Pedro Martir : 

Large trees per acre 25 

Small " " 10 

Average number of logs per tree 3 

" diameter of each 2 ft. 9 in. 

Lengtli of logs 12 feet 

Number of Norway pine per acre 17 

" white " " 4 

" fir-trees " 3 

" red cedar " ^ 1 

Total 25 

Number of dead trees per acre 3 

" trees down " 2 

Total number of Norway pine-trees 8,500,000 

" white " 2,000,000 

" fir-trees 1,500,000 

" red cedar-trees 500,000 

Total number of trees on San Pedro 12,500,000 



APPENDIX B. 119 

Total number of logs on San Pedro 37,500,000 

" feet of lumber 18,750,000,000 

" cords of wood (4 feet) 200,000,000 

" small trees 5,000,000 

Average fall of snow, 4 to 8 feet. 

" time it lies on ground, 4 to 20 weeks. 
" rainfall in summer, 20 to 30 inches. 

The above estimates of trees, logs, and lumber do not include 
the UlaUe section of San Pedro Martir, which has an area of about 
100,000 acres. 

The summer of 1887 had fifty-three rains, or thirty and a quarter 
inches of water. June had three inches, July seven inches, August 
eight inches, September twelve inches. 

Colonel AUen spent seventy-six days on the above work, and trav- 
elled 1,510 miles. 

It will pay to build a branch from the Yuma line up to the 
pines, although Colonel Allen says that it is practicable to dam 
the streams and float the logs, wood, and lumber down to where 
it is wanted, or to the points where the Coast Line Railroad wiD 
cross those streams. Colonel Allen followed every stream on San 
Pedro Martir from its mouth to its head, to the very uppermost 
spring, and therefore is weU prepared to express an opinion on this 
subject. 

The great mountain San Pedro Martir lies about 100 miles in a 
direct line south-east of Ensenada, 75 miles due east of San Quintin, 
and 30 miles west of the Gulf of California. The mountain proper is 
about 110 miles in length and from 15 to 30 wide. The range of which 
San Pedi'o is the king is about 160 miles long and 20 to -10 miles in 
width. We gather these facts froni Col. D. K. Allen, Land Inspector 
for the International Company, who spent two and a half months 
in a careful examination of that region, and is probably the first 
white man, if not the only one, who has visited every section of that 
vast pine forest. Others have been there for a day or so, visited one 
7 



120 APPEXriX B. 

or two r;:r:5. ini :len rttnrzed. Colonel Allen travelled over one 
thousand five hnndred miles and examined neariv every portion of 
the coimtrv carefoUy and in detaiL and from him we leam that the 
jmie beh is from 6^;* to 75 miles in length and 15 to 25 miles in 
width — an area of nearly one million acr^ oneialf of which is cov- 
ered with good pine. 

Colonel Allen measored fifry-foor acres, taken as an average of 
the sitire r^on, in different sections, and found that the aver- 
age nnmber of ^rees to the acre was twenty -fotur large and dght 
small onesw the large ones averaging two feet in diameter, with three 
logs to the tree, each log being twelve feet in length. Two trees 
that had latdy fallen -were measured. One was ISO fe^ I mng , 
S feet in diameter at the butt, 50 feet to the first Bmb. where it 
was oi feet in diameter. The other tree was 20tl feet in length, 
S feet 2 inches in diameter at the butt, 65 feet to the first limb, 
where it was 5 feet in diameter. Eed cedar and fir trees were also 
found that measured 25 feet in dicumference IS inches from the 
ground. 

The highffit point reached was 12,800 fe^ The Falomas readi 
an ahitude l^X* to 15f>r> feet still higher. In many places the surbce 
of the country was found to be as level as a prairie, the pasturage 
magnificeit. The wild oats and rye, bufelo, bim^ch, and other varie- 
ties of grasses w"s« kneeiigh to the mules. Deer, black and white 
iaSL, and moios&deep, seen by the hundred ; antelope abound on the 
mesas south, and mountain dieep near Rosarito in the south -wigst. 
Large streams of water abound everywhere, and springs were found 
at an altitude of 11.000 fe^ It rained five times in June, fifteen in 
July, seventeen in August, and sixteen in September. A little over 
thirty inches of water f dl in li^e raros. 

Most of these rains were accompanied by thunder and lightning. 
Only four trees were found that had been struck by lightning during 
ibe present season, and seven the year before. One place was found 
where thirty-three trees on one acre had been struck by lightning. 
Brook trout were seen in two streams. 



APPENDIX B. 



123 



The following tree-measurements 


were 


^arefull}' made : 


FIRST ACRE. 


SECO.XD ACRE. 


THIRD ACRE. 


Trees. Circumference. 


1 Trees. Circumference. 


Trees. Diameter. 


1 6 ft. 7 in. 


1 12 ft, 1 in. 


1 10 ft. 8 in. 


2... 


6 " 2 " 


2 11 ' 


9 " 


2 9 " 6 " 


3... 


8 " 6 " 


3 11 ' 


11 ' 




3 8 " 8 " 


4.. . 


8 " " 


4 5 ' 


1 ' 




4.... 7 " 4 " 


5... 


10 " 1 " 


5 8 ' 


5 ' 




5 8 " 8 " 


6... 


6 " 10 " 


6 10 ' 


10 ' 




6 6 " 8 " 


7. . . 


6 " 8 " 


7.... 10 ' 


8 ' 




7 9 " 8 " 


8... 


5 " 4 " 


8 8 ' 


4 ' 




8.... 10 " 4 " 


9... 


12 " 6 " 


9 3 ' 


4 ' 




9 9 " 2 " 


10... 


7 " 4 " 


10 6 ' 


9 ' 




10 5 " 4 " 


11... 


12 " 11 " 


11 11 ' 


' 




11 9 " 9 " 


12... 


8 " 7 " 


12 11 ' 


' 




12.... 8 " 2 " 


13... 


7 " 10 " 


13 15 ' 


6 ' 




13 9 " 9 " 


14... 


12 " 8 " 


14 5 ' 


3 ' 




14 11 " 8 " 


15... 


8 " 11 " 


15 12 ' 


4 ' 




15 17 " 9 " 


16... 


11 " 1 " 


16 11 ' 


6 ' 




16 12 " 7 " 


17... 


10 " 2 " 


17.... 9 ' 


' 




Av. dia. 9 " 4 " 


Av. dia 


3 " " 


Av. dia. 3 " 3 " 





Averaging four logs to each tree. 

The first two acres are yeUow pine, the third white pine. Later 
on we shall give the measurement of cedar and spruce, also of a few 
acres of trees including the largest number of them. 

The railroad to Yuma wiU pass within thirty miles of the north 
end, the best portion of this fine belt of pine. Colonel Allen carefully 
looked over the route from San Matias Canon and Valle Trinidad to 
the pines for a railroad. He says there are no diflBculties in the first 
twenty miles, and that there wiU not be more than eight to ten nules 
of heavy work, and this not of the heaviest kind. He thinks there 
may be three to five miles of very heavy work. The San Eafael 
River has five branches, every one of which he followed from its source 
to the main stream, and he thinks that by building two or three small 
and inexpensive dams water enough can be stored to float all of these 
logs down to the upper San Rafael Valley, or to the point where the 
San Quintin wagon -road crosses the San Rafael at Dwarty's; that 
this same water can be taken from there to irrigate all of the north 
and south grand mesas — 210,000 acres of splendid land. 



APPENDIX C. 

THE RECENT GOLD DISCOVERIES ON THE PENINSULA. 
From the Son Diego " Sun." 

Gold in considerable quantities has been received in this city from 
the placer mines of the Eeal del Castillo, Lower California, since the 
beginning of the rainy season. The gold found in the vicinity of the 
Eeal is coarse and of fine quality, valued at a little over twenty dol- 
lars per ounce. For years past gold has been taken out by Indians 
and others during rainy seasons or at times when there was stand- 
ing water in the gulches. The most primitive means of mining were 
used, namely, the batia, or wooden pan, pick, and shovel. "Wealthy 
syndicates from time to time endeavored to obtain a foothold and in- 
troduce modern apphances, but owing to the laws of Mexico then in 
force, a concession could not be obtained, so that these grand pros- 
pects were repeatedly abandoned. It was not until the laws were 
changed that an extensive mineral concession was obtained by T. 
Masac, under which the Lower Cahf ornia Mining Company was incor- 
porated, Avith a capital stock of $5,000,000. The company is a home 
institution, and, backed as it is, will prove its faith by its works. Al- 
ready a considerable amount of mining machinery has been purchased, 
and the determination expressed by its managers to have a plant of 
hydraulic giants at work before the close of the present year. Prac- 
tical as well as scientific miners have reported favorably upon the 
property, so that an assurance of success is fairly guaranteed. There 
are, besides placers, many fine quartz gold-ledges which wiU be worked 
simultaneously, so that the outlook for the company is flattering. 



APPENDIX C. 125 

From the Ensenada '■'■Lower CcHifornicunP 

DISTANCES TO THE GOLD-MINES. 

From Ensenada to Real del Castillo 30 miles 

" " Jacalitos via Real del Castillo 45 " 

" " Juarez " " and Jacalitos V5 " 

" " CampNa'l" " " Hansons 75 " 

" " Socorro " " " Trinidad 160 " 

" " " " Santo Tomas and San Telmo 145 " 

" " Valledares via " " " 140 " 

" " " " Real del C. and V. Trinidad 165 " 

" " Rosarito " " " " 200 " 

" " AguaDulce" " " " 250 " 

•' " " " Santo Tomas and San Telmo 230 " 

" " San Quintin overland 161 " 

" " " by water 110 " 

" " San Tehno by land 100 " 

" " Valle Ti'inidad via Real del Castillo 110 " 

" " Santa Catarina " " 100 " 

" San Quintin to Socorro via Santo Domingo 75 " 

" " " " San Telmo 95 " 

" " Valledares via " 85 " 

" " " " Santo Domingo 65 " 

" San Diego to Real del Castillo overland 100 " 

" " Ensenada overland 110 " 

There is plenty of water and feed for animals everywhere on the 
road. The longest stretch of road without water is from Eeal del 
Castillo to Sangre de Cristo, fifteen miles, and from San Quintin to 
Santo Domingo, twenty-seven miles. Three miles north of San Quin- 
tin there is water, but no wood. 

Provisions can be obtained at Ensenada, Eeal del Castillo, and 
probably soon at San Quintin. Flour is worth §3.50 per sack of 48 
lbs.; bacon, ham, and lard, 40 cents per lb.; beef, fresh, 12J cents, dry 
jerked, 25 cents ; colfee 40 cents, sugar 20 cents, tea $2 per lb.; bak- 
ing-powder G2^ cents per lb.; potatoes 3 cents, onions 6 cents, beans 
5 cents per lb., and everything else in proportion. 

Mules are worth $70 to $75 each, burros $15 to $16 each, very 



126 APPENDIX C. 

scarce — in fact, hardly to be had. Horses can be bought for from 
$40 to $60 each. These are the small native horses. 

Teams with wagons can go to the Eeal del Castillo, Juarez* Campo 
Nacional, Santa Catarina, and to San Jose, above San Telmo ; also 
within ten miles of Socorro and fifteen miles of YaUedares, but cannot 
reach either Jacalitos, Socorro, YaUedares, Eosarito, or Agua Dulce. 
Parties going to the mines should come provided with means to re- 
main for not less than six months, funds suflBcient for tools, provisions, 
animals, and for a complete outfit, so as not to be left in a new coun- 
try without friends or cash — stranded on an unknown shore. 



APPENDIX D. 

THE MEXICAN TAEIFF. 
The following articles are admitted duty free : 

Acids, sulphuric, chloridic, and phenic. 

Anchors, with or without their iron chains, for vessels. 

Animals, alive, of all classes, except geldings. 

Apparatus for extinguishing fires with six charges. 

Arsenic, white. 

Asbestos in powder. 

Bags, made, ordinary, of jute, pita (thread made of the agave), henequen, 
and other analogous fibres for exporting fruits. 

Barrels and pipes (casks) of wood, set up or knocked down. 

Bars of steel, cylindrical or eight-sided, for mines. 

Books and music, printed, in paper covers. 

Boxes of common wood, set up or knocked down. 

Bricks. 

Cable or rope of aloe or hemp measuring up to three centimetres in diame- 
ter, or 94.2 millimetres in circumference. 

Cable of iron or steel wire of all sizes. 

Chlorate, bisulphate, sulphate, and trisulphate of lime. 

Clay, sand, and blotting-sand. 

Clocks for towers and public edifices. 

Coaches and cars for railways of all systems. 

Coal of all classes. 

Cork in bulk or in sheets. 

Crucibles of all materials and sizes. 

Earth, refractory. 

Eggs- 
Emery in powder or in grain. 

Feed, dry, in straw. 



128 APPENDIX D. 

Fish, fresh. 

Glycerine, not perfumed. 

Gold, silver, and platina, in bullion or in dust. 

Hoops of iron, witli their rivets, for binding packages. 

Hops. 

Houses, complete, of wood and iron. 

Hyposulphate of soda. 

Iron and steel made into rails for railways. 

Knives, ordinary cutlasses without sheaths (machetes), scythes, sickles, rakes, 
shovels, pickaxes, spades, hoes, and mattocks of iron or steel for agriculture. 

Letters, plates, spaces, vignettes, type, and other tools for printing and litho- 
graphing. 

Lime, common, hydraulic, and Roman cement. 

Machines and apparatus of all classes, not specified, for industries, agricult- 
ure, mining, arts, and sciences, and their separate parts or pieces for repairs when 
imported with the machinery, or separately, and that are not comprehended in 
note 24 of section 2. 

Masts for large or small vessels. 

Mineral stone (ore and native metal). 

Money, legal, of gold or silver, of all countries. 

Oars for vessels. 

Periodicals and catalogues, printed. 

Plants and seeds for horticulture. 

Ploughs and their shares. 

Poison for preparing skins. 

Pumice-stone. 

Powder-wicking, fuses, and explosive mixtures for mines. 

Precious stones. 

Quicksilver. 

Rags, pieces of paper, and pulps of all classes for the fabrication of paper. 

Saltpetre, whether nitrate of potassa or of soda. 

Slate for roofs from two to three millimetres in thickness. 

Soda, caustic. 

Steam-engines of all classes, locomotives, and other implements for the con- 
struction of railways of all systems. 

Sulphate of ammonia. 

Sulphate of copper. 

Tiles of clay, all classes. 

Timber (lumber). 

Tin in sheets up to forty centimetres in length by thirty in breadth, when 
not stamped or painted. 



APPENDIX D. 129 

Tubing of iron or lead of all dimensions. 

Vaccine matter. 

Vessels of all classes, on their naturalization, sale, or introduction. 

Whiting, Spanish. 

Wire, copper, insulated with any material whatever, for electric lights, pro- 
vided that the diameter of the wire itself be up to No. 6, Birmingham measure, 
and that its destination be proven by the interested parties. 

Wire, iron, with hooks, for binding packages. 

Wire, iron, barbed, for fencing, and the fasteners, provided they are imported 
with the same wire. 

Wire for telegraphs and telephones, the destination of which shall be proven 
on importation by the interested parties. 

Wood. 

Besides the above, the folio-wing articles are allowed to enter duty 
free to colonists for their own consumptionj but of course not for 
sale or traffic. 

Coffee, Butter, Yeast powder, Cheese, 
Sugar, Carpets, Dried fruit. Potatoes, 
Rice, Wagons, Condiments, Harness, 
Ham, Common furniture. Cooking utensils, Doors, windows. 
Bacon, Animals, Coal oil, nails, paint, hard- 
Flour, Lard, Household goods, ware for building. 

Thus it will be seen that the colonists in the Peninsula may bring 
in, either under the general free hst or under the special colonial list, 
all that they need to establish themselves and to maintain themselves 
until they are well settled : houses, furniture, tools and implements, 
provisions, animals, wood for fencing and other purposes — in fact, 
whatever a farmer or settler would need in a new countrj-, but no 
luxuries, such as pianos. 

On the other hand, the duties on many articles imported into Mex- 
ico are high ; and this has been already found an advantage to persons 
estabhshing themselves in manufactures in Lower California, as the 
whole market of the, Mexican Kepublic is open to them for the sale of 
their manufactures, with a heavy tariff against foreign goods of like 



130 APPENDIX D. 

character ; and regular lines of steamers now connect Peninsular ports 
with the ports of continental Mexico. 

Thus, under the Mexican tariff, flour, dried and preserved fruits, 
cheese, butter, pork and other meats, furniture and other manufact- 
ures of wood, carriages and wagons, harness, saddlery, shoes and 
other manufactures of leather, and many other articles of general 
consumption, pay high duties when imported. 



THE END. 



CHARLES NORDHOFF'S WORKS. 



PENINSULAR CALIFOENIA. 

Peninsular California : Some Account of the Climate, Soil, 
Productions, and Present Condition chiefly of the Northern 
Half of Lower California. By Chaeles Noedhoff. With 
Illustrations and Maps. 8vO; Cloth, $1 00 ; Paper, 75 cents. 

COMMUNISTIC SOCIETIES OF THE UNITED STATES. 

The Communistic Societies of the United States, from Per- 
sonal Visit and Observation ; including Detailed Accounts 
of the Economists, Zoarites, Shakers, the Amana, Oneida, 
Bethel, Aurora, Icarian, and other existing Societies ; their 
Religious Creeds, Social Practices, Numbers, Industries, and 
Present Condition. By Chaeles Noedhoff. Illustrated. 
8vo, Cloth, S-i 00. 

Mr. Nordhoflf has derived his materials from personal observation, having 
visited the principal communistic societies in the United States, and taken 
diligent note of the peculiar features of their religious creed and practices, 
their social and domestic customs, and their industrial and financial arrange- 
ments. ... In pursuing his researches, Mr. Nordhoflf was obliged to take ex- 
tensive journeys, travelling from Maine to Kentucky and Oregon. With his 
exceptionally keen powers of perception, and his habits of practised obser- 
vation, he could not engage in such an inquiry without amassing a fund of 
curious information, and with regard to facts which have never been fully 
disclosed to the comprehension of the public. In stating the results of his 
investigations, he writes with exemplary candor and impartiality, though 
not without the exercise of just and sound discrimination. He views the 
subject in its practical hearings, free from a cavilling and censorious spirit. 
and equally free from the poetical enthusiasm which would clothe a novel 
experiment with the coloring of romance. — N. Y. Tribune. 

CAPE COD AND ALL ALONG SHOEE. 

Cape Cod and All Along Shore : Stories. By Charles 
Nokdhoff. 4to, Paper '[FrankUn Sq^uare Lih'ary\ 15 
cents. 

As a story-teller, Jlr. NordhoCf has many points of unusual excellence. 
His style is terse and lucid, his characters are lifelike, and drawn with 
strength and precision of touch, and his narrative moves on swiftly and with 
dramatic force. — Independent, N. Y. 

Mr. Nordhoff has the faculty of portraying the idiosyncrasies of human 
nature in a most .skilful manner, and, at the same time, of mingling with 
his stories much of the philosophy of human life. — Albany JourmH.. 

Have charmed many readers. — N. Y. Cnmmercial Advertiser. 

Light, clever, well-written sketches. — N. Y. Times. 

A lively and agreeable volume, full of humor and incident. — Boston 
Transcript. 



Charles Nordhoff^s Works. 



POLITICS rOK YOUNG AMERICANS. 

Politics for Young Americans. By Chables Noedhoff. 
16mo, Cloth, Half Leather, 75 cents ; Paper, 40 cents. 

It would be difBcult to find, indeed, a safer guide for a young man getting 
ready to "cast his first ballot." — Nation, N. Y. 

A short and very clear account of the reason of governments, the things 
■which government can and ought to do, and the things which it cannot do 
and ought not to attempt, and the principles which ought to prevail in its 
treatment, by legislation or administration, of the things which properly 
come within its province. It is thus a treatise of political ethics and of 
political economy, and an excellent one. — N. T. World. 

It is a book that should be in the hand of every American boy and girl. 
... It is a complete system of political science, economical and other, as ap- 
plied to our American system. — N. T. Herald. 

In the following pages I have attempted to explain, in simple language, 
and by familiar illustrations fitted for the comprehension of boys and girls, 
the meaning and limits of liberty, law, government, and human rights, and 
thus to make intelligible to them the political principles on which our sys- 
tem of government in the United States is founded. The book grew out of 
an attempt, in a few letters, to instruct my oldest son in the political knowl- 
edge which every American boy ought to possess to fit him for the duties of 
citizenship. I found my subject much larger than I at first imagined, but 
interest in the attempt led me on, and what was begun originally for one 
boy is here printed for the use of others. — Mxiract from Preface. 

GOD AND THE FUTUEE LIFE. 

God and the Future Life. The Reasonableness of Christi- 
anity. By Chaeles Noedhoff. 16mo, Cloth, $1 00. 

Mr. Nordhoff's object is not so much to present a religious system as to 
give practical and sufficient reasons for every-day beliefs. He writes strong- 
ly, clearly, and in the vein that the people understand. — Boston Herald. 

Thoughtful, profound, and lucid. . . . Simple in its form, and written so 
as to be understood by children, the volume is one of the most powerful 
arguments against doubt and inlidelity that has lately appeared. It is this 
partly because of its point of view, which is that of a man who looks at life 
practically and reasons with the utmost candor and fairness. The author's 
clear mind and positive convictions are perfectly imaged in his direct and 
forcible style. — Hartford Courant. 

The value of the book lies in its power of statement. It deals with the 
ideas of modern thinkers after a simple but trenchant style, and presents in 
forcible and direct language the reasonings which have most weight with 
ordinary men and women.- — Boston Advertiser. 

A plain, straightforward, earnest appeal to the honest sense of thinking 
people. ... It inculcates the value and honor of work, and the need and power 
of honesty in all things, and is really sound to the core. — Philadelphia Times. 



Published by HARPER & BROTHERS, New York. 

r Hakper & Brothers will send any of the above works by mail, postage prepaid, 
to any pari of the United States or Canada, on receipt of the price. 



VALUABLE WORKS 



OF 



EXPLORATION AND ADVENTURE. 



Charnay's Ancient Cities of the New World. 

The Ancient Cities of the New World : being Voyages and Explorations in Mex- 
ico and Central America, from 1857 to 1882. By Desire Charnat. Translated 
from the French by J. Gonino and Helen S. Conant. Introduction by Allen 
Thorndike Rice. 209 Illustrations and a Map. Royal 8vo, Ornamental Cloth, 
Uncut Edges, Gilt Top, $6 00. 

Squier's Nicaragua. 

Nicaragua: its People, Scenery, Monuments, Resources, Condition, and Proposed 
Canal." With One Hundred Maps and Illustrations. By E. G. Sqcier, M.A., 
F.S.A. 8vo, Cloth, $4 00. 

Squier's Peru. 

Peru : Incidents of Travel and Exploration in tie Land of the Incas. By E. G. 
Squier, M.A., F.S.A. Illustrated. Svo, Cloth, $5 00. 

Cesnola's Cyprus. 

Cyprus ■ Its Ancient Cities, Tombs, and Temples. A Narrative of Researches 
and Excavations during Ten Years' Residence in that Island. By General Louis 
Palma di Cesnola, Member of the Royal Academy of Sciences, Turin ; Hon. 
Member of the Royal Society of Literature, London, &c. With Maps and Illus- 
trations. Svo, Cloth, Gilt Tops and Uncut Edges, $7 50 ; Half Calf, $10 00. 

Bishop's Old Mexico and Her Lost Provinces. 

A Journey in Mexico, Southern California, and Arizona, by Way of Cuba. By 
William Henry Bishop. With numerous Illustrations, chiefly from Sketches by 
the Author. 12mo, Cloth, $2 00. 

"Wallace's Malay Archipelago. 

Tlie Malay Archipelago: the Land of the Orang-Utan and the Bird of Paradise. 
A Narrative of Travel, 1854-62. With Studies of Man and Nature. By Alfred 
Rdssel Wallace. With Maps and numerous Illustrations. New Edition. 
Crown 8vo, Cloth, |2 50. 

"Wallace's Island Life. 

Island Life • or. The Phenomena of Insular Faunas and Floras, with their Causes. 
Including an entire Revision of the Problem of Geological Climates. By Alfred 
RossEL Wallace. With Illustrations and Maps. Svo, Cloth, $4 00. 

■Wallace's Geographical Distribution of Animals. 

The Geographical Distribution of Animals. With a Study of the Relations of 
Living and Extinct Faunas, as elucidating the Past Changes of tlie Earth's Sur- 
face. By Alfred Rdssel Wallace. With Colored Maps and numerous lUus- 
trations by Zwecker. 2 vols., 8vo, Cloth, $10 00. 



2 Valuable Works of Exploration and Adventure. 

Stanley's Congo, and the Founding of its Free State. 

A Story of Work and Exploration. By Henry M. Stanley. Dedicated by Spe- 
cial Permission to H. M. the King of the Belgians. In 2 vols., 8vo, Cloth, with 
over One Hundred full-page and smaller Illustrations, two large Maps, and sev- 
eral smaller ones. Cloth, $10 00 ; Half Morocco, $15 00. 

Stanley's Through the Dark Continent. 

Through the Dark Continent; or, The Sources of the Nile, Around the Great 
Lakes of Equatorial Africa, and Down the Livingstone River to the Atlantic 
Ocean. By Henry M. Stanley. With 149 Illustrations and 10 Maps. 2 vols., 
8vo, Cloth, $10 00 ; Sheep, $12 00 ; Half Morocco, $15 00. 

Stanley's Coomassie and Magdala. 

Coomassie and Magdala: a Story of Two British Campaigns in Africa. By 
Henry M. Stanley. With Maps and Illustrations. 8vo, Cloth, $3 50. 

Cameron's Across Africa. 

Across Africa. By Verney Lovett Cameron, C.B., D.C.L., Commander Royal 
Navy, Gold Medalist Royal Geographical Society, &c. With a Map and numerous 
Illustrations. Svo, Cloth, $5 00. 

Livingstone's Last Journals. 

The Last Journals of David Livingstone, in Central Africa, from 1865 to his 
Death. Continued by a Narrative of his Last Moments and Sufferings, obtained 
from his Faithful Servants Chuma and Susi. By Horace Waller, F.R.G.S. 
With Maps and Illustrations. Svo, Cloth, $5 00 ; Sheep, $6 00 ; Half Calf, $7 25. 
Fopular Hdition, Svo, Cloth, $2 50. 

Livingstone's Expedition to the Zambesi. 

Narrative of an Expedition to the Zambesi and its Tributaries ; and of the Dis- 
covery of the Lakes Shirwa and Nyassa. 1S58-1864. By David and Charles 
Livingstone. With Map and Illustrations. Svo, Cloth, $5 00 ; Sheep, $5 50. 

Long's Central Africa. 

Central Africa : Naked Truths of Naked People. An Account of Expeditions to 
the Lake Victoria Nyanza and the Makraka Niam-Niam, West of the Bahr-El- 
Abiad (White Nile). By Col. C. Chaillk Long, of the Egyptian Staff. Illustrated 
from Col. Long's own Sketches. With Map. Svo, Cloth, $2 60. 

Du Chaillu's Ashango-Land. 

A Journey to Ashango-Land, and Further Penetration into Equatorial Africa. 
By Paul B. Dn Chaillu. Illustrated. Svo, Cloth, $5 00. 

Du Chaillu's Land of the Midnight Sun. 

The Land of the Midnight Sun. Summer and Winter Journeys through Sweden, 
Norway, Lapland, and Northern Finland. By Paul B. Du Chaillu. With Map 
and 235 Illustrations. In Two Volumes. Svo, Cloth, $7 50; Half Calf, $12 00. 

Thomson's Voyage of the " Challenger." 

The Voyage of the "Challenger." The Atlantic: An Account of the General 
Results of the Voyage during the Tear 1873 and the Early Part of the Tear 
1876. By Sir C. Wyville Thomson, F.R.S. With a Portrait of the Author, 
many Colored Maps, and Illustrations. 2 vols., Svo, Cloth, $12 00. 



Valuable Works of Exploration and Adventure. 



Thomson's Southern Palestine and Jerusalem. 

The Land and the Book : Southern Palestine and Jerusalem. By William M. 
Thomson, D.D., Forty-five Years a Missionary in Syria and Palestine. 140 Illus- 
trations and Maps. Square 8vo, Cloth, $6 00 ; Sheep, $7 00 ; Half Morocco, 
$8 50; Full Morocco, Gilt Edges, $10 00. 

Thomson's Central Palestine and Phoenicia. 

The Land and the Book: Central Palestine and Phajnicia. By William M. 
Thomson, D.D. 130 Illustrations and Maps. Square 8vo, Cloth, $6 00 ; Sheep, 
$7 00 ; Half Morocco, $8 50 ; Full Morocco, Gilt Edges, $10 00. 

Thomson's Lebanon, Damascus, and Beyond Jordan. 

The Land and the Book : Lebanon, Damascus, and Beyond Jordan. By Will- 
iam M. Thomson, D.D. 147 Illustrations and Maps. Square 8vo, Cloth, $6 00 ; 
Sheep, $7 00 ; Half Morocco, $8 50 ; Full Morocco, Gilt Edges, $10 00. 

The Land and the Book. 

Comprising the above works, viz.. Southern Palestine and Jerusalem ; Central 
Palestine and Phoenicia ; and Lebanon, Damascus, and Beyond Jordan, in 3 vols.. 
Popular Edition, Square Svo, Cloth, $9 00. {Sold in Sets only.) 

Reade's Savage Africa. 

Savage Africa : being the Narrative of a Tour in Equatorial, South-western, and 
North-western Africa ; with Notes on the Habits of the Gorilla ; on the Exist- 
ence of Unicorns and Tailed Men ; on the Slave-trade ; on the Origin, Character, 
and Capabilities of the Negro, and on the Future Civilization of Western Africa. 
By W. WiNwooD Rbade. With Illustrations and a Map. Svo, Cloth, %i 00 ; 
Sheep, $4 50 ; Half Calf, $6 25. 

Schweinfurth's Heart of Africa. 

The Heart of Africa ; or. Three Tears' Travels and Adventures in the Unex- 
plored Eegions of the Centre of Africa. From 1868 to 1871. By Dr. Georo 
ScHWEi-NFURTH. Translated by Ellen E. Fbewkr. With an Introduction by Win- 
wood Reade. Illustrated by about 130 Wood-cuts from Drawings made by the 
Author, and with Two Maps. 2 vols., 8vo, Cloth, |8 00. 

Speke's Africa. 

Journal of the Discovery of the Source of the Nile. By John Hanning Speke, 
Captain H. M. Indian Army, Fellow and Gold Medalist of the Royal Geographical 
Society, Hon. Corresponding Member and Gold Medalist of the French Geograph- 
ical Society, &c. With Maps and Portraits and numerous Illustrations, chiefly 
from Drawings by Captain Grant. 8vo, Cloth, $4 00 ; Sheep, $4 60. 

Baker's Ismailia. 

Ismailia: a Narrative of the Expedition to Central Africa for the Suppression of 
the Slave-trade, organized by Ismail, Khedive of Egypt. By Sir Samcel White 
Baker, Pasha, M.A., F.R.S., F.R.G.S., M.ijorgcneral of the Ottoman Empire, late 
Governor-general ot the Equatorial Nile Basin, &c., &c. With Maps, Portraits, 
and upwards of fifty full-page Illustrations by Zweckcr and Durand. Svo, Cloth, 
$5 00 ; Half Calf, $7 25. 



-1 Valuable Works of Exploration and Adventure. 

Schlieraann's Ilios. 

Eioi. :he C:— a=d Co'jntry of the Trojans. The Besults of Researches and Dis- 
coTeries on the Site of Troy and thronghont the Troad in the jears 1871-72- 
'73_"7S-'79; inclnding an Antobiography of the Author. By Dr. HJrssT Schue- 
vtw, r.S.A., r.Ki Britiih Architects: Author of "Troy and its Eemaius," 
" Mvcens," sc With a Preface, Appendices, and Xotes by Professors Kudolf Vir- 
choT, Max iluller, A. H. Sayce, J. P. Mahaffy, H. Brugsch-Bey, P. Ascherson, M. 
A- Postolaccas, IL R Bomoiif, Mr. F. Calvert, and Mr. A. J. Doffield. With Maps, 
Plans, and about 1800 IDnstratioBS. Imperial 8to, Cloth, |12 00 ; Half Morocco, 
$15 00. 

Schliemaim's Troja. 

Troja. EcSTilts of ihe Latest Besearcbes and Discoveri^ on the Sie of Hornet's 
Ttov, and in the Heroic TnnmH and other Sitra, made in the year 1882, and a 
XarratiTe of a Jonmey in the Troad in ISSl. By Dr. Hesrt ScHLiESLiSS, Anthor 
of "Hios,"' &c Preface by Professor A. H Sayce. With 150 Wood^cnts and 4 
Maps and Pians. Sto, Cloth, §7 50 : Half Morocco, |10 00. 

Th.onison"s Malacca, Indo-Cldiia, and Cliliia. 

The Straits of Malacca, Indo-China, and China ; or. Ten Tears' Travels, Adrent- 
nres, and Eesidence Abroad. By J. Thoseos. With over Sixty Hlustrations. 
8vo, Cloth, |4 00. 

Spry"s Cmise of the " Challenger." 

The Cruise of Her Majesty's Ship •'Challenger." Voyages over many Seas, 
Scenes in many Lands. By W. J. J. Spet, EJS'. With Maps and Ulustratioiis. 
Crown 8vo, Coih, §2 00. 

Prime's Boat-Life in Egypt and Nubia. 

B.3ai-Life in Egypt and Xn'oia. By Wtt.t.k^ C. Prtvk Illustrated. ]2mo, 
Coih. §2 w. 

Vambery's Central Asia. 

Travels in Central Asia: being the Accoont of a Jonmey from Teheran across 
the Torkwnan Desert, on the Eastern Shore of the Caspian, to Ehiva, Bokhara, 
and Samarcand, performed in the year 1863. By Arvimls Tambesy. Member 
of the Hunaarian Academy of Pesth, by whom he was sent on this Scientific Mis- 
sion. With Map and Wood-cnts. 8vo, Cloth, $4 50 ; Half Calf, |6 75. 

Mac&alian"s Campaigning on the Osns. 

Campaigiung on the Oxns and the Ea'.l of Khiva. By J. A. MLs-cGawav. With 
Map and Ulnstratioiis. evo, Cloth, %Z 50. 

Forbes's "Wanderings in the Eastern Archipelago. 

A Xaturalist's Wanderings in the Eastern Archipelago. A Narrative of Travel 
and Exploration from 1878 to 1883. By Heset 0. Foebes, F.E.G.S., &c. With 
manv IRustratiocs and Colored Maps. 8vo, O rn amental Cloth, $5 00. 



Published bt HAEPER & BROTHERS, New Toek. 

■ ' H'*''=!?' g3 & B20T3Z^ inT? send any c/ tfie above icorhs 'by mail, postage prepaid, to anf 
part of the United States cr Canada, cm receipt of the price. 






IS y 



'.7«3>*% 




